Table 1.
Univariate analyses: association between sociodemographic characteristics and depression and health-related quality of life.
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | n = 124 | PHQ Total Score | QL | PF | RF | EF | CF | SF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 83 (66.9) | 3.4 (4.3) | 63.7 (21.9) | 81.9 (16.5) | 85.6 (22.0) | 85.4 (17.2) | 88.9 (13.8) | 82.3 (19.2) |
| Female | 41 (33.1) | 5.6 (5.0) | 56.5 (22.5) | 71.2 (17.9) | 72.4 (25.2) | 72.9 (25.5) | 80.9 (18.8) | 72.5 (27.9) |
| p-value | 0.013 | 0.093 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.018 | 0.024 | |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| <65 | 76 (61.3) | 4.4 (4.9) | 62.0 (22.2) | 79.9 (16.6) | 82.7 (21.8) | 82.1 (19.5) | 87.5 (15.9) | 78.4 (24.5) |
| ≥65 | 48 (38.7) | 3.8 (4.4) | 60.2 (22.7) | 75.8 (19.1) | 78.8 (26.8) | 80.2 (23.4) | 84.4 (16.1) | 80.2 (19.9) |
| p-value | 0.533 | 0.663 | 0.213 | 0.385 | 0.626 | 0.279 | 0.677 | |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| No spouse | 29 (23.4) | 3.3 (4.2) | 58.3 (25.2) | 79.5 (19.4) | 76.8 (28.5) | 81.2 (25.4) | 85.1 (19.9) | 81.5 (20.8) |
| With spouse | 95 (76.6) | 4.4 (4.8) | 62.2 (21.5) | 78.0 (17.2) | 82.5 (22.3) | 81.4 (19.8) | 86.6 (14.8) | 78.5 (23.3) |
| p | 0.240 | 0.428 | 0.683 | 0.271 | 0.957 | 0.663 | 0.546 | |
| Practice a religion | ||||||||
| No | 45 (36.3) | 3.8 (4.4) | 59.4 (23.3) | 81.5 (16.8) | 85.5 (21.2) | 83.3 (19.3) | 88.0 (14.3) | 79.0 (23.7) |
| Yes | 79 (63.7) | 4.3 (4.8) | 62.4 (21.8) | 76.5 (17.9) | 78.6 (25.0) | 80.2 (22.0) | 85.3 (16.9) | 79.2 (22.3) |
| p | 0.539 | 0.476 | 0.132 | 0.122 | 0.425 | 0.352 | 0.956 | |
| Current job status | ||||||||
| No | 75 (60.5) | 4.4 (4.8) | 58.7 (23.5) | 75.3 (18.9) | 79.1 (26.0) | 79.2 (22.9) | 85.1 (16.2) | 75.1 (23.9) |
| Yes | 49 (39.5) | 3.7 (4.5) | 65.2 (20.0) | 82.8 (14.5) | 84.4 (19.9) | 84.5 (17.6) | 88.0 (15.8) | 85.0 (19.7) |
| p-value | 0.434 | 0.112 | 0.014 | 0.229 | 0.173 | 0.332 | 0.017 | |
| Monthly household income (US$) | ||||||||
| <2000 | 75 (60.5) | 4.1 (4.8) | 56.9 (21.5) | 75.5 (18.2) | 79.1 (26.5) | 78.6 (22.5) | 85.1 (15.9) | 77.5 (22.1) |
| ≥2000 | 49 (39.5) | 4.2 (4.5) | 68.0 (22.1) | 82.6 (16.0) | 84.4 (19.1) | 85.5 (18.0) | 88.1 (16.3) | 81.6 (23.6) |
| p-value | 0.907 | 0.006 | 0.029 | 0.200 | 0.073 | 0.314 | 0.323 | |
| Residence | ||||||||
| Town, rural | 30 (24.2) | 5.8 (5.9) | 55.3 (15.8) | 68.7 (22.8) | 66.7 (29.4) | 73.9 (23.5) | 77.2 (21.2) | 69.5 (24.8) |
| Metropolitan | 94 (75.8) | 3.6 (4.1) | 63.2 (23.8) | 81.4 (14.5) | 85.8 (19.8) | 83.7 (19.7) | 89.2 (12.9) | 82.1 (21.3) |
| p-value | 0.025 | 0.040 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.027 | 0.006 | 0.009 | |
| Health insurance | ||||||||
| National health insurance | 100 (80.6) | 4.1 (4.5) | 60.9 (21.9) | 79.3 (17.5) | 82.0 (23.2) | 82.5 (20.3) | 86.9 (15.7 | 80.4 (22.1) |
| Medical aid | 24 (19.4) | 4.3 (5.3) | 63.0 (24.2) | 74.4 (18.0) | 77.8 (26.8) | 77.0 (23.6) | 84.0 (17.7) | 74.0 (25.0) |
| p-value | 0.870 | 0.670 | 0.232 | 0.440 | 0.246 | 0.427 | 0.208 | |
| Number of family members | ||||||||
| 0–1 | 35 (28.2) | 4.1 (4.8) | 61.1 (19.8) | 75.2 (21.2) | 77.1 (25.9) | 78.3 (22.4) | 81.0 (20.0) | 77.1 (23.3) |
| ≥2 | 89 (71.8) | 4.2 (4.7) | 61.4 (23.4) | 79.5 (16.0) | 82.8 (22.9) | 82.6 (20.4) | 88.4 (13.7) | 79.9 (22.6) |
| p-value | 0.928 | 0.955 | 0.224 | 0.240 | 0.315 | 0.046 | 0.543 | |
| Private health insurance | ||||||||
| No | 69 (55.7) | 4.3 (4.9) | 57.9 (23.5) | 77.5 (17.4) | 79.7 (25.6) | 79.2 (21.3) | 86.0 (15.5) | 75.5 (24.2) |
| Yes | 55 (44.3) | 3.9 (4.2) | 65.6 (20.2) | 79.4 (18.1) | 83.0 (21.6) | 84.1 (20.5) | 86.7 (16.8) | 83.6 (20.2) |
| p-value | 0.678 | 0.054 | 0.546 | 0.438 | 0.198 | 0.817 | 0.048 | |
| Comorbidity index (modified PRO-CCI) | ||||||||
| 0 | 68 (54.8) | 3.8 (4.4) | 60.1 (24.3) | 81.2 (17.2) | 85.6 (22.5) | 84.5 (21.1) | 87.6 (15.4) | 79.8 (22.9) |
| ≥1 | 56 (45.2) | 4.6 (5.0) | 62.7 (19.9) | 74.9 (17.7) | 75.9 (24.6) | 77.8 (20.6) | 84.8 (16.8) | 78.4 (22.7) |
| p-value | 0.323 | 0.513 | 0.048 | 0.024 | 0.078 | 0.341 | 0.729 |
Abbreviations: CF: cognitive functioning; EF: emotional functioning; M: mean; PF: physical functioning; PHQ: the Patient Health Questionnaire; QL: global quality of life (QOL); RF: role functioning; SD: standard deviation; SF: social functioning.