Table 1.

Methods of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) detection in peripheral blood.

Method	Sensitivity	Advantages	Limitations
qPCR (ASO-PCR) [59]	0.01%	High reproducibility of data, many facilities available for implementation	Time-consuming, laborious
Digital PCR (ddPCR) [60]	0.001%	Easy to perform, standard curve not needed	Lack of standardization in data analysis, expensive
Targeted Sequence (Panel) [61]	0.01%	Available on a commercial basis	Low sensitivity
Targeted Sequence (CAPP-seq) [62]	<0.001%	High sensitivity, comprehensive genetic analysis	Fewer facilities available
Whole Genome Sequence [63]	1%	Detect rare mutations	Suitable for tumor-rich samples