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. 2021 Apr 26;13(9):2085. doi: 10.3390/cancers13092085

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© 2021 by the author.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Unifying pathogenetic mechanism initiating various human chronic diseases. This diagram depicts a hypothetical pathogenetic mechanism featuring an array of chronic human diseases, whereby tissue insults, of any origin, eventually lead to an increase of aromatase activity, raise estrogen formation and address stem/progenitor cell niche for terminal differentiation and repair (restitutio in integrum) of tissue damage (A). However, whether the aromatase-estrogen-stem cell axis is disrupted, also because of genetic/epigenetic alteration, unrepaired, chronically persistent tissue damage may ultimately turn into either benign or malignant chronic disease(s), including hormone-related tumors (breast, prostate, ovary), polycystic ovary syndrome, hemorrhage and thrombosis, endometriosis, chronic liver diseases and HCC, neurodegenerative diseases (NDD: Alzheimer, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis), osteoporosis and fracture (B).

Unifying pathogenetic mechanism initiating various human chronic diseases. This diagram depicts a hypothetical pathogenetic mechanism featuring an array of chronic human diseases, whereby tissue insults, of any origin, eventually lead to an increase of aromatase activity, raise estrogen formation and address stem/progenitor cell niche for terminal differentiation and repair (restitutio in integrum) of tissue damage (A). However, whether the aromatase-estrogen-stem cell axis is disrupted, also because of genetic/epigenetic alteration, unrepaired, chronically persistent tissue damage may ultimately turn into either benign or malignant chronic disease(s), including hormone-related tumors (breast, prostate, ovary), polycystic ovary syndrome, hemorrhage and thrombosis, endometriosis, chronic liver diseases and HCC, neurodegenerative diseases (NDD: Alzheimer, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis), osteoporosis and fracture (B).