Table 1.

Summary of types of nutraceuticals and their potential effects on health.

Class/Type of Nutraceutical	Examples	Active Ingredient	Advantages	References
Traditional approaches
Functional foods	Tomatoes	Lycopene	Anticancer activities, e.g., lung and prostate, reduce blood pressure	[17]
	Salmon	Omega 3	Lower cardiovascular, diabetes disease risk	[19]
	Soy	Saponins	Antioxidant, detoxification of enzymes, stimulate immune response, hormonal metabolism	[18]
	Fermented milk and milk products	L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium spp.	Prevent gastrointestinal infections, lower the level of cholesterol	[73]
	Marine algae	Fucoidans	Antioxidant, anticancer, anticoagulant activity	[74]
	Broccoli	Sulforaphane, glucosinolates	Decrease risk of several cancers, antioxidant	[29,75]
	Carrots	β-carotene	Reduce cancer risk, improve immune system	[29,76]
	Aloe	Aloins	Wound healing, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant, antimicrobial activity, hematopoietic stimulation	[77,78]
	Turmeric	Curcumin	Anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic	[77,79]
Dietary supplements	Folic acid		Prevent defect in neural tubes, Red blood cells formation	[77,80]
	Vitamin A		Antioxidant, growth, treat some skin diseases	[60]
	Calcium		Bone, muscles, teeth nerve health, prevent osteoporosis	[81,82]
	Iron		Carry oxygen, produce energy	[60]
	Vitamin D		Bone and teeth health, help in calcium absorption, musculoskeletal health	[83]
Probiotics	Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium spp., Streptococci, Enterococci		Gut health, replace diarrhea-causing bacteria, anticancer	[60,84,85]
Prebiotics	Fructo-oligosaccharides		Enhance probiotics growth, bifidobacteria growth enhancement	[58]
	Inulin		Enhance immune system, minerals absorption, protect bones	[57,84,86]
Non-conventional approach
Fortified	Orange juice with calcium	Calcium, ascorbic acid	Glycemic control enhancement, sensitivity to insulin	[67]
	Anthocyanin-fortified bread	Anthocyanin	Reduce digestion rate	[68]
Recombinant	Gold kiwifruit	Ascorbic acid, carotenoids	Immune system enhancement	[13,71]