Table 2.

Research on probiotics oral administration in psoriasis.

Number of Study	Author	Year	Patients (Number)	Subjects in the Control Group (Number)	Race (Country of the Study)	Type of Study	Additional Psoriatic Patients’ Criteria/Information	Psoriatic Treatment (Number of Patients)	Intervention on Psoriatic Patients	Results Concerning Psoriatic Patients
1	Groeger et al. [26]	2013	ulcerative colitis (22), chronic fatigue syndrome (48), psoriasis (26)	25 female and 10 male healthy volunteers at the age 18–65 with no history of abdominal surgery except for hernia repair or appendectomy, no comorbidities, no probiotic or immunosupressant therapy	Caucasian (Ireland)	randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled	male and female patients at the age 18–60 with mild to moderate chronic plaque psoriasis with a psoriasis area severity index (PASI) <16	no informationStudy conducted during winter to minimalize the influence of UV rays on psoriatic skin	administration of sachets containing 1 × 1010 CFU viable Bifidobacterium infantis 35,264 per day for 8 weeks Placebo: 5 g Maltodextran per day for 8 weeks	at baseline, patients had significantly increased plasme CRP, TNF-α, IL-6 levels compared with healthy volunteersAdministration of probiotic for 8 weeks caused significant decrease in CRP, TNF-α levels
2	Navarro-Lopez et al. [27]	2019	90	no control group	Caucasian (Spain)	randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled	Male and female patients at the age between 18 and 70 years, diagnosis of plaque psoriasis at least one year prior to the study, mild or moderate severity (PASI > 6),	no exposure to systemic corticosteroids, methotrexate, cyclosporine, or biologic drugs in the previous 3 months, antibiotics in the previous 2 weeksall patients receiving treatment during the 12-week study period with topical corticosteroid betamethasone in combination with calcipotriol once per day, with study protocol established that patients achieving PASI <6 would receive topical mometasone furoate 0.1% once daily	administration of gelatin capsule containing amixture of 3 probiotic strains in 1:1:1 ratio (Bifidobacteriumlongum CECT 7347, B. lactis CECT 8145 and Lactobacillusrhamnosus CECT 8361 with a total of 1 × 109 CFU per capsule) freeze-dried powderwith maltodextrin as a carrier for 12 weeks Placebo: a capsule containing only maltodextrin for 12 weeks	After 12 weeks 66.7% of patients in the probiotic group and 41.9% in the placebo group showed reduction PASI-75clinically relevant difference in Physician Global Assessment index: 48.9% in the probiotic group with score of 0 or 1 comparing to 30.2% placebo follow-up 6 months after the end of the study: lower risk of relapse after the intake of the probiotic mixturethe probiotics administration is efficant in modulation of the microbiota composition