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. 2021 Apr 26;22(9):4518. doi: 10.3390/ijms22094518

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Map depicting probable grapevine domestication and diversification centres (stars) and the main grapevine migration routes (arrows). Pink area shows the distribution range of wild grapevine. According to many researchers, the domestication of grapevine took place around Mount Ararat in the Caucasus (red star). Its diffusion around the Mediterranean basin could have followed three main pathways. The first pathway goes from Mount Ararat to Mesopotamia, Egypt and Greece, considered a secondary domestication centre (green star), in the Bronze Age (arrow 1a). Others agree that grapevine arrived in Greece through Anatolia (arrow 1b). The second route starts from Greece and goes to Magna Graecia (Sicily, Southern Italy) (green star), France (Marseille) (green star) and Spain (green star) under the influence of the Greeks, Etruscans and Phoenicians (arrows 2, 3a and 3b). The third route goes from France to the north of Europe, mainly through the Rhone, the Rhine and the Danube, under the influence of the Roman Empire (arrow 4). Recently, Northern Italy (striped star) has been highlighted as an admixed centre of the Southern Italian (arrow 5) and Central European (arrow 6) population.