Table 6.
Comparison of outcomes between women in WH and LH with GDM that returned levels of ≥5.5 mmol/L and/or ≥9.0 mmol/L on their oral glucose tolerance test, consistent with the NZSSD and/or NZMOH criteria.
| Waikato GDM with Positive OGTT per NZSSD/NZMOH (n = 2278) |
Liverpool GDM with Positive OGTT per NZSSD (n = 2403) | Odds Ratio (with 95% CI) Comparing LH Positive OGTT to Waikato NZSSD/NZMOH Δ** (Odds Ratio = 1) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MATERNAL OUTCOMES | ||||
| HbA1c at diagnosis **α(%) | 5.52 (95% CI: 5.50–5.55) | 5.36 (95% CI: 5.33–5.39) | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c during 3rd trimester **α(%) | 5.53 (95% CI: 5.49–5.58) | 5.33 (95% CI: 5.27–5.38) | <0.001 | |
| Metformin treatment | 277 (12.2%) | 156 (6.5%) | 0.63 (0.49–0.79) | <0.001 |
| Short-acting insulin treatment | 797 (35.0%) | 870 (36.2%) | 1.02 (0.88–1.17) | 0.810 |
| Long-acting insulin treatment | 700 (30.7%) | 998 (41.5%) | 2.07 (1.78–2.4) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension in pregnancy | 85 (3.7%) | 143 (6.0%) | 3.21 (2.2–4.4) | <0.001 |
| PET | 49 (2.2%) | 39 (1.6%) | 1.12 (0.69–1.81) | 0.657 |
| NEONATAL OUTCOMES | ||||
| Delivery weeks **α | 38.09 (95% CI: 38.01–38.17) | 38.59 (95% CI: 38.52–38.66) | <0.001 | |
| Preterm delivery (<37 weeks) | 214 (9.4%) | 211 (8.8%) | 1.07 (0.85–1.35) | 0.571 |
| Birth weight **α (g) | 3390.2 (95% CI: 3363.7–3416.7) | 3338.0 (3313.4–3362.7) | 0.006 | |
| Macrosomia (>4500g) | 62 (2.7%) | 42 (1.7%) | 1.24 (0.79–1.95) | 0.349 |
| Male Gender | 1183 (51.9%) | 1237 (51.5%) | 1.00 (0.87–1.14) | 0.937 |
| Normal vaginal delivery | 1306 (57.3%) | 971 (40.4%) | 0.43 (0.37–0.49) | <0.001 |
| Caesarean delivery–emergency indication | 415 (18.2%) | 269 (11.2%) | 0.63 (0.52–0.77) | <0.001 |
| Caesarean delivery–elective indication | 333 (14.6%) | 434 (18.1%) | 1.29 (1.07–1.56) | 0.007 |
| Neonatal intensive care admission | 485 (21.3%) | 205 (8.5%) | 0.35 (0.29–0.43) | <0.001 |
| Neonatal hypoglycaemia | 660 (29.0%) | 658 (27.4%) | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | 0.871 |
| Major congenital abnormalities | 35 (1.5%) | 21 (0.9%) | 0.47 (0.25–0.90) | 0.022 |
| Minor congenital abnormalities | 38 (1.7%) | 81 (3.4%) | 2.49 (1.60–3.90) | <0.001 |
| Phototherapy treatment for neonatal jaundice | 115 (5.0%) | 19 (0.8%) | 0.18 (0.11–0.30) | <0.001 |
| Perinatal death | 5 (0.2%) | 24 (1.0%) | 3.74 (1.30–10.82) | 0.015 |
| Composite Outcome # | 859 (37.7%) | 814 (33.9%) | 0.98 (0.85–1.12) | 0.736 |
ADIPS = Australian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society, BMI = body mass index, IADPSG = International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups, NZMOH = New Zealand Ministry of Health, NZSSD = New Zealand Society for Study of Diabetes, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval. ** Adjusted for age, parity, body mass index, ethnicity, gestational diabetes, family history of diabetes and smoking history. α Averages and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using ANCOVA for continuous variables. Δ Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals are calculated using binary logistic regression for categorical variables. # Composite outcome consists of pregnancies affected by macrosomia, perinatal death, preterm delivery (before 37 weeks), neonatal hypoglycaemia and phototherapy for jaundice.