Table 1.
Baseline characteristics stratified by pre-end-stage renal disease (ESRD) opiate, other non-opiate analgesic use, gabapentin/pregabalin use, vs. no analgesic use in the one-year prelude cohort.
| PRE-ESRD ANALGESIC USE STATUS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | None | Non-opiate analgesic | Gabapentin/pregabalin | Opiate analgesic | P-value | |
| N (%) | 57764 | 24519 (42) | 2108 (4) | 2458 (4) | 28679 (50) | - |
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 71 ± 11 | 73 ± 11 | 69 ± 12 | 71 ± 10 | 69 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Female (%) | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 5 | <0.001 |
| Race (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| White | 71 | 76 | 53 | 77 | 68 | |
| Black | 24 | 20 | 41 | 18 | 27 | |
| Other | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | |
| Hispanic ethnicity (%) | 6 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 7 | <0.001 |
| Marital status (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Single | 7 | 7 | 12 | 7 | 8 | |
| Married | 59 | 64 | 45 | 63 | 55 | |
| Divorced | 22 | 18 | 29 | 20 | 26 | |
| Widowed | 11 | 12 | 13 | 11 | 10 | |
| Region (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Northeast | 17 | 21 | 18 | 17 | 14 | |
| Midwest | 23 | 24 | 21 | 24 | 22 | |
| South | 42 | 39 | 46 | 43 | 44 | |
| West | 18 | 16 | 14 | 15 | 20 | |
| Cause of ESRD (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Diabetes | 44 | 40 | 43 | 57 | 46 | |
| Hypertension | 31 | 35 | 31 | 23 | 29 | |
| Glomerulonephritis | 6 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 6 | |
| Cystic disease | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1 | |
| Other urologic cause | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| Other cause | 11 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 10 | |
| Unknown cause/missing | 6 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 6 | |
| Initial dialysis modality (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| In center HD | 93 | 93 | 96 | 94 | 93 | |
| PD | 5 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 6 | |
| Home HD | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Other/missing | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| CCI, median (IQR) | 4 (2, 6) | 4 (2, 6) | 4 (2, 5) | 5 (3, 6) | 4 (2, 6) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 67 | 64 | 66 | 83 | 69 | <0.001 |
| CHF (%) | 56 | 55 | 54 | 63 | 55 | <0.001 |
| CAD (%) | 59 | 61 | 52 | 66 | 58 | <0.001 |
| CVD (%) | 31 | 33 | 29 | 37 | 30 | <0.001 |
| Depression (%) | 23 | 16 | 24 | 28 | 28 | <0.001 |
| Neuropathy (%) | 30 | 20 | 36 | 58 | 37 | <0.001 |
| Pain score, median (IQR) | 0.8 (0.0, 2.4) | 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.7) | 0.7 (0.0, 2.3) | 1.6 (0.4, 3.3) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory results, median (IQR) | ||||||
| Serum albumin, 1-year averaged (g/dL) | 3.5 (3.1, 3.8) | 3.6 (3.2, 3.9) | 3.3 (2.9, 3.7) | 3.5 (3.1, 3.9) | 3.4 (3.0, 3.8) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, 1-year averaged (ml/min/1.73m2) | 16.0 (11.9, 23.9) | 16.4 (11.7, 25.0) | 14.6 (11.0, 20.9) | 18.5 (13.9, 27.4) | 15.8 (11.9, 23.1) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, at dialysis initiation (ml/min/1.73m2) | 12.6 (8.6, 19.7) | 13.9 (9.3, 22.3) | 10.8 (7.4, 16.0) | 14.9 (10.4, 23.9) | 11.8 (8.2, 17.9) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: HD, hemodialysis; PD, peritoneal dialysis; CHF, congestive heart failure; CAD, coronary artery disease; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.