Table 1.
Summary of the main biomarkers for stage III melanoma.
| Type of BM | Author | Findings/Study | Utility OF BMs | Techniques | No. of Patients | Samples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene expression | Mann et al. [23] | 46 gene expression signature | Prognostic | GEP | 79 | T + LN |
| John et al. [24] | 21 gene expression signature | Prognostic | GEP | 29 | LN | |
| Bogunovic et al. [25] | 266 gene expression signature | Prognostic | Microarray | 38 | MTS | |
| Zager et al. [26] | 31 gene expression signature | Predictive of metastatic risk | GEP | 523 | T | |
| Journe et al. [27] | Expression of TYRP1 | Prognostic | Microarray + qPCR | 111 | T + LN | |
| El Hajj et al. [28] | Expression of TYRP1 | Prognostic | RT-qPCR | 104 | LN | |
| Dummer et al. [13] | Expression of IFNG, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, GBP1 | Prognostic and predictive | Nanostring + NGS | 875 | - | |
| miRNAs | Segura et al. [29] | 6 miRNA signature | Prognostic | Microarray | 59 | LB |
| Sanchez-Sendra et al. [30] | 5 miRNA signature | Prognostic | RT-qPCR | 132 | T + LN + MTS | |
| Huber et al. [31] | MiRNA signature | Predictive of immunotherapy resistance | RT-qPCR | 87 | LB + T | |
| Fattore et al. [32] | Expression of miR-579-3p | Predictive of MAPKi resistance | RT-qPCR | 23 | T | |
| ctDNA | Marczynski et al. [33] | ctDNA (BRAF, NRAS, TERT) | Prognostic | ddPCR | 19 | LB |
| Lee et al. [34] | ctDNA pre-operative | Prognostic | ddPCR | 174 | LB | |
| Tan et al. [35] | ctDNA pre- and post-operative | Prognostic | ddPCR | 126 | LB | |
| Lee et al. [36] | ctDNA levels | Prognostic | ddPCR | 161 | LB | |
| Gandini et al. [37] | ctDNA levels | Prognostic | Meta-analysis | 2000 | MA | |
| CTCs | Koyanagi et al. [38] | MART-1, GalNAc-T, PAX-3, MAGE-A3 for CTCs detection | Prognostic | RT-qPCR | 92 | LB |
| Hoshimoto et al. [39] | MART1, MAGE-A3, GalNAc-T for CTCs detection | Prognostic | RT-qPCR | 320 | LB | |
| Lucci et al. [40] | Anti-CD146 for CTCs detection | Prognostic | 243 | LB | ||
| Lin et al. [41] | CTNNB1 | Predictive | Microfluidics | 22 | ||
| Methylation | Sigalotti et al. [42] | 17 gene methylation signature | Prognostic | Pyrosequencing | 42 | C |
| Sigalotti et al. [43] | LINE-1 methylation levels | Prognostic | BeadChip essay | 45 | C | |
| Hoshimoto et al. [44] | LINE-1 methylation levels | Prognostic | MALDI-TOF MS MSP |
203 | T + MTS + LN + LB | |
| Tanemura et al. [45] | MINT31 methylation levels | Prognostic | PCR | 107 | T + MTS | |
| Guadagni et al. [46] | MGMT promoter methylation levels | Prognostic | PCR | 27 | MTS | |
| BRAF | Mann et al. [23] | BRAF mutation | Prognostic | GEP | 79 | T + LN |
| Barbour et al. [47] | BRAF mutation | Prognostic | Sequenom MASSarray | 134 | LN | |
| Picard et al. [48] | BRAF mutation | Prognostic | PCR | 72 | T + LN | |
| Moreau et al. [49] | BRAF mutation | Prognostic | Pyrosequencing | 105 | T + LN | |
| Eggermont et al. [50] | BRAF mutation | Prognostic | - | 1019 | T | |
| Tas et al. [51] | BRAF mutation | Prognostic | RT-qPCR | 151 | T | |
| Heppt et al. [52] | BRAF mutation | Prognostic | Pyrosequencing + Sanger | 217 | T + LN + MTS | |
| Protein expression | Mactier et al. [53] | 21 proteins signature | Prognostic | Mass spectrometry | 33 | LN |
| Karonidis et al. [54] | S100B serum levels | Prognostic | Electroluminescence | 107 | LB | |
| Wagner et al. [55] | S100A8/A9 serum levels | Prognostic | ELISA | 354 | LB | |
| Madore et al. [56] | PD-L1 expression | Prognostic | IHC | 52 | LN | |
| Ekmekcioglu et al. [57] | CD74 expression | Prognostic | IHC | 158 | LN | |
| Ascierto et al. [58] | Immune infiltrate | Prognostic | IHC | 498 | T | |
| Lauwyck et al. [59] | C-Reactive protein | Predictive of irAEs | - | 72 | LB |
BM: biomarkers, T: primary tumor, MTS: distant metastases, LN: lymph nodes, LB: liquid biopsy, C: cell cultures, MA: meta-analysis, MSP: methylation-specific PCR, MS: mass spectrometry.