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. 2021 May 15;199:111331. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111331

Table 1.

Descriptive statistics of the full cohort (n = 3089 U.S. counties)a,b.

Variable Median (IQR)
COVID-19 death rate (per 100,000) 2.8 (13.4)
COVID-19 incidence rate (per 100,000) 163.5 (330.2)
NDVI (April–May 2020) 0.44 (0.27)
NDVI (June–August 2019) 0.63 (0.21)
County-level SES covariates:
  • •

    Population density (person/sq. mi.)

 60.6 (208.7)
  • •

    % in poverty

 9.2 (6.1)
  • •

    % owner occupied housing

 76.7 (9.3)
  • •

    % less than high school education

 19.1 (13.2)
  • •

    % Black

 1.4 (7.8)
  • •

    % Hispanic

 3.1 (5.8)
  • •

    % 65+ years of age

 15.6 (5.0)
  • •

    % 45–64 years of age

 26.5 (2.9)
  • •

    % 15–44 years of age

 37.9 (5.4)
  • •

    Median home value ($1000)

 110.3 (67.7)
  • •

    Median household income ($1000)

 47.7 (15.2)

  • BRFSS covariates:
  • •

    % Obese

 33.1 (7.2)
  • •

    % current smokers

 17.0 (4.8)
Days since stay-at-home order 68 (74)
Days since non-essential businesses closure 69 (74)
Days since nursing homes visitor ban 62 (83)
Days since first case 74 (13)
Rate of hospital beds (per 100,000) 50 (173)
Rate of tests (per 100,000) 5670.7 (2394.6)
Average summer temperature (K) 303.3 (5.0)
Average winter temperature (K) 280.2 (10.5)
Average summer relative humidity (%) 91.3 (6.7)
Average winter relative humidity (%) 88 (5.6)
PM2.5 (μg/m3) 8.8 (4.1)
Urban counties [NCHS classification ≤4 (n)] 1149
Counties with issuance of stay-at-home order (n) 2196
Counties with 10< cases (n) 2297
a

The number of COVID-19 cases and deaths are based on data from March 22, 2020 through June 7, 2020.

b

abbreviations: IQR = interquartile range, NDVI = normalized difference vegetation index, sq. mi. = square mile, PM2.5 = particulate matter less than 2.5 μm, NCHS = National Center for Health Statistics.