Table 3.
Factors Associated with Gastrointestinal Tract ESBL Colonization Among Index Orthopaedic Patients
| Variable (N) | ESBL Colonization, n, (%) | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 95% CI | p | 95% CI | p | ||
| Age category (years) | |||||
| ≤18 (90) | 38 (42.2) | 1 | |||
| 19–59 (152) | 76 (50.0) | 1.37 (0.81–2.31) | 0.242 | ||
| ≥60 (23) | 11 (47.8) | 1.25 (0.50–3.14) | 0.629 | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Female (87) | 47 (54.0) | 1 | |||
| Male (178) | 78 (43.8) | 0.66 (0.40–1.11) | 0.453 | ||
| Residence | |||||
| Rural (68) | 33 (48.5) | 1 | |||
| Peri-urban (62) | 31 (50.0) | 1.06 (0.53–2.11) | 0.867 | ||
| Urban (135) | 61 (45.2) | 0.87 (0.49–1.57) | 0.652 | ||
| Education | |||||
| College and above (47) | 24 (51.1) | 1 | |||
| Informal (20) | 6 (30.0) | 0.41 (1.14–1.25) | 0.118 | 0.38 (0.12–1.22) | 0.105 |
| Primary (128) | 59 (46.1) | 0.82 (0.42–1.60) | 0.560 | 0.80 (0.40–1.61) | 0.532 |
| Secondary (70) | 36 (51.4) | 1.01 (0.48–2.12) | 0.969 | 1.02 (0.47–2.21) | 0.964 |
| Occupation | |||||
| Formal occupation (179) | 84 (46.9) | 1 | |||
| No formal occupation (86) | 41 (47.7) | 1.03 (0.62–1.72) | 0.909 | ||
| Domestic animals at home | |||||
| No (128) | 61 (47.7) | 1 | |||
| Yes (137) | 64 (46.7) | 0.96 (0.59–1.56) | 0.878 | ||
| Referral status | |||||
| Self-referral from home (88) | 36 (40.9) | 1 | |||
| From other hospital/clinic (177) | 89 (50.3) | 1.46 (0.87–2.45) | 0.151 | 1.44 (0.81–2.56) | 0.212 |
| Time to the hospital* | |||||
| Within 1 day (48) | 25 (52.1) | 1 | |||
| Up to 7 days (59) | 23 (39.0) | 0.59 (0.27–1.27) | 0.177 | 0.53 (0.24–1.16) | 0.113 |
| More than 7 days (60) | 26 (43.3) | 0.81 (0.38–1.72) | 0.576 | 0.92 (0.41–2.09) | 0.801 |
| Ward of admission | |||||
| Ward J5 (115) | 59 (51.3) | 1 | |||
| Ward E8 ((150) | 66 (44.0) | 0.75 (0.46–1.21) | 0.238 | ||
| Type of fracture | |||||
| Closed (184) | 78 (42.4) | 1 | |||
| Open (73) | 44 (60.3) | 2.06 (1.18–3.58) | 0.010 | 2.08 (1.56–3.75) | 0.015 |
| Both (8) | 3 (37.5) | 0.82 (0.19–3.51) | 0.784 | 0.55 (0.12–2.51) | 0.439 |
| History of antibiotic use** | |||||
| No (40) | 15 (37.5) | 1 | |||
| Yes (225) | 110 (48.9) | 1.59 (0.80–3.18) | 0.186 | 1.97 (0.95–4.11) | 0.070 |
| Current use of antibiotic | |||||
| No (164) | 76 (46.3) | 1 | |||
| Yes (101) | 49 (48.5) | 1.09 (0.66–1.79) | 0.731 | ||
| Knowledge on antibiotics | |||||
| No (99) | 46 (46.5) | 1 | |||
| Yes (166) | 79 (47.6) | 1.04 (0.63–1.72) | 0.859 | ||
| Heard about AMR | |||||
| No (132) | 60 (45.5) | 1 | |||
| Yes (133) | 65 (48.9) | 1.14 (0.71–1.86) | 0.577 | ||
| Heard about IPC | |||||
| Yes (235) | 111 (47.2) | 1 | |||
| No (30) | 14 (46.7) | 0.98 (0.45–2.09) | 0.953 | ||
Notes: *The duration was missing in 98 patients; **in the past 3 months.
Abbreviations: AMR, antimicrobial resistance; ESBL, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase; IPC, infection prevention and control; CI, confidence interval.