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. 2021 May 3;13(9):2198. doi: 10.3390/cancers13092198

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Activated BTK signaling of the stromal cells promotes cancer cell growth and progression. Activated BTK in myeloid-derived suppressor cells increases several molecules, including arginase-1, ROS, IDO, and suppressive cytokines, which directly and indirectly potentiate growth and development of cancer cells. Activated BTK in macrophages induces FcγR expression. FcγR+ macrophages can directly promote cancer cell proliferation and metastasis or through inhibition of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, which eliminate cancer cells. Activated BTK in the regulatory B cells is able to elevate cancer cell growth and progression by their secreted suppressive cytokines, including IL-10 and IL-35, that suppress cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Abbreviation: MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cell; Breg: regulatory B cells; ROS: reactive oxygen species; IDO: Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase; TGFβ: transforming growth factor β; FcγR: Fcγ receptor.