Table 1.

Factors known to associate with poor postoperative sleep, and which are important to consider during the perioperative period.

Poor Subjective Sleep Quality Preoperatively

Symptoms of anxiety

Symptoms of depression

Surgical worry

Preoperative pain (surgical area or other chronic pain)

Severity of surgical trauma

Type of anesthesia (general anesthesia)

Type of postoperative analgesics (high dose of opioids)

External factors (e.g., light and noise in the ward)

Obstructive sleep apnea

Greater age

Coronary artery disease