Table 2.
Major asthma-related cellular and systemic effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).
| EVs | Source Cells/Tissue | Recipient | Main Effect(-s) | Publication |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MVs | Equine amniotic MSC | Horse | Reduction in TNF-α secretion and, to a lesser degree, TGF-β and IL-6 from primary alveolar macrophages | [89] |
| Exosomes | Human BM-derived MSCs | Human | Upregulation of IL-10 and TGF-β1 secretion from PBMCs of asthmatics and promotion of proliferation and immunosuppressive capacity of Tregs | [90] |
| EVs | Human/mouse BM-derived MSCs | Mouse | Amelioration of Aspergillus extract-induced AAI in sensitized animals | [91] |
| miR-1470-containing exosomes | Human MSCs | Human | Promotion of Tregs differentiation from CD4+ T cells isolated from PBMCs of acute asthmatics | [92] |
| Exosomes | Mouse adipose tissue-derived MSCs | Mouse | Effective suppression of the maturation of BM-derived DCs as reflected by decreased IL-6 release but augmented IL-10 and TGF-β secretion | [93] |
| EVs | Human adipose tissue-derived MSCs | Mouse | Reduced symptoms and cellular and molecular features of OVA-induced AAI as well as lung TGF-β levels in OVA-sensitized animals | [94] |
| Exosomes | Mouse adipose tissue-derived MSCs | Mouse | Attenuating effect on airway remodeling in a model of OVA-induced AAI could be further augmented by genetic modifications of MSCs | [95] |
MVs, microvesicles; BM, bone marrow; IL-10, interleukin-10; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; Tregs, regulatory T cells; AAI, allergic airway inflammation; DCs, dendritic cells; OVA, ovalbumin.