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. 2021 Apr 28;22(9):4660. doi: 10.3390/ijms22094660

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Induction of ROS in breast cancer cells by 6-gingerol. (A) Flow cytometry analysis of cellular ROS in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells after treatment with 6-gingerol for 48 h. Graphical representation shows the percentage of cells with ROS induction. Values are presented as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments performed in triplicate (n = 3). *** p < 0.001 (Student’s t-test). (B) Flow cytometry analysis of mitochondrial ROS by 6-gingerol in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells for 48 h. Graphical representation shows the percentage of cells with mitochondrial ROS. The values are presented as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments performed in triplicate (n = 3). *** p < 0.001 (Student’s t-test). (C) Western blotting of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells with 100 and 200 µM 6-gingerol for 48 h showing the expression of iNOS. (D) The relative expressions of iNOS proteins were determined via densitometry and normalized to GAPDH. Controls are set to 100. Data were confirmed after repeating the experiment three times. ** p < 0.01 (ANOVA test) and p < 0.01 vs. control.