Table 4.

Anticancer studies of IOPS.

Cancer/Tumor Type	Concentration/Dose	Inhibition Rate	Mechanism	References
Hepatic carcinoma cell line (SMMC7721)	1.0–16.0 μg/mL	43.6–69.2%	N/A	[95]
Human non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549)	100 μg/mL	26%	NF-κB nuclear translocation (−), JNK/AKT phosphorylation (−), AKT/NF -κB (−), MMP expression level (−), Invasion (−)	[45,96,97]
Ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3)	160 μg/mL	23.94%	p53 gene mRNA expression (+), Bcl-xl gene mRNA expression (−), regulating cell apoptosis	[49]
Human cervical cancer cells (Hela)	10–1000 μg/mL	4.78–46.54%	N/A	[76]
Mouse bone marrow tumor cells (SP2)	10–1000 μg/mL	2.89–44.90%	N/A	[76]
Human Chang’s liver cells (Chang)	10–1000 μg/mL	3.56–22.56%	N/A	[76]
Human T lymphocytic leukemia cells (Jurkat)	200 μg/mL 50–100 mg/kg·d	71.84% 43.52–57.48%	Tumor cell mitochondria release Cytc(+), caspase-3 (+), endogenous (+), DNA cleavage	[15,98]
Human B lymphocyte tumor cells (Daudi)	200 μg/mL	75.14%	N/A	[15]
Kunming mouse S180 tumor	200 mg/kg·d	41.07% (intracellular polysaccharide) 36.73% (extracellular polysaccharide)	N/A	[99]
Human cervical cancer cells (Hela)	200 μg/mL	57.7%	N/A	[103]
Osteosarcoma cells (MG-63 and U2OS)	320 μg/mL	22.3% (MG-63) 23.64% (U2OS)	Akt/mTOR (−), NF-κB (−)	[101]

(+): improve or promote; (−): inhibit or reduce. N/A: information was not available.