Table 2.
Adjusted models of DCM as a function of blood metal levels.
| Variable | Coefficient | SE | Wald 95% Confidence Limits | Wald X2 | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arsenic Model | ||||||
| Intercept | −2.84 | 1.65 | −6.06 | 0.39 | 2.97 | 0.0850 |
| As | 9.04 | 3.44 | 2.28 | 15.79 | 6.88 | 0.0087 |
| Age | −0.001 | 0.03 | −0.06 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.9639 |
| Male sex | 0.48 | 0.70 | −0.89 | 1.85 | 0.47 | 0.4909 |
| Education X | −1.14 | 0.74 | −2.59 | 0.29 | 2.43 | 0.1192 |
| GFR < 60 | 2.21 | 1.00 | 0.24 | 4.17 | 4.83 | 0.0279 |
| Copper model | ||||||
| Intercept | −13.49 | 3.98 | −21.29 | −5.68 | 11.48 | 0.0007 |
| Cu | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 13.07 | 0.0003 |
| Age | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.04 | 0.09 | 0.50 | 0.4776 |
| Male sex | 1.46 | 0.87 | −0.24 | 3.15 | 2.85 | 0.0915 |
| Education | −0.79 | 0.80 | −2.37 | 0.77 | 0.99 | 0.3195 |
| GFR < 60 | 1.18 | 1.15 | −1.07 | 3.44 | 1.06 | 0.3042 |
| Vanadium model | ||||||
| Intercept | 1.39 | 1.49 | −1.53 | 4.31 | 0.87 | 0.3517 |
| Vanadium | −23.91 | 8.93 | −41.42 | −6.40 | 7.16 | 0.0074 |
| Age | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.08 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.6394 |
| Male sex | 0.30 | 0.68 | −1.04 | 1.65 | 0.19 | 0.6589 |
| Education | −1.18 | 0.70 | −2.55 | 0.19 | 2.83 | 0.0925 |
| GFR < 60 | 2.75 | 1.13 | 0.54 | 4.96 | 5.95 | 0.0147 |
| Zinc model | ||||||
| Intercept | 3.36 | 1.86 | −0.28 | 7.00 | 3.28 | 0.0701 |
| Zinc | −0.003 | 0.0009 | −0.005 | −0.001 | 9.53 | 0.0020 |
| Age | −0.02 | 0.03 | −0.08 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.6437 |
| Male sex | 0.79 | 0.73 | −0.63 | 2.22 | 1.18 | 0.2769 |
| Education | −1.39 | 0.74 | −2.84 | 0.06 | 3.54 | 0.0598 |
| GFR < 60 | 3.32 | 1.31 | 0.75 | 5.88 | 6.43 | 0.0112 |
| Antimony model | ||||||
| Intercept | 4.89 | 2.16 | 0.66 | 9.13 | 5.12 | 0.0236 |
| Antimony | −4.65 | 1.25 | −7.09 | −2.20 | 13.87 | 0.0002 |
| Age | −0.02 | 0.04 | −0.09 | 0.05 | 0.40 | 0.5284 |
| Male sex | 0.58 | 0.82 | −1.01 | 2.19 | 0.52 | 0.4720 |
| Education | −1.42 | 0.84 | −3.07 | 0.22 | 2.89 | 0.0892 |
| GFR < 60 | 3.58 | 1.66 | 0.33 | 6.83 | 4.65 | 0.0310 |
| Barium model | ||||||
| Intercept | 1.32 | 1.40 | −1.43 | 4.06 | 0.89 | 0.3459 |
| Barium | −2.73 | 1.24 | −5.17 | −0.29 | 4.81 | 0.0284 |
| Age | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.07 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.6997 |
| Male sex | 0.19 | 0.65 | −1.09 | 1.48 | 0.09 | 0.7673 |
| Education | −1.18 | 0.67 | −2.49 | 0.13 | 3.13 | 0.0769 |
| GFR < 60 | 2.54 | 1.01 | 0.57 | 4.51 | 6.36 | 0.0117 |
| Ratio Zinc/Copper | ||||||
| Intercept | 3.63 | 2.03 | −0.35 | 7.61 | 3.20 | 0.0738 |
| Zinc/copper | −0.46 | 0.14 | −0.74 | −0.19 | 11.01 | 0.0009 |
| Age | −0.01 | 0.04 | −0.09 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.8053 |
| Male sex | 1.44 | 0.89 | −0.31 | 3.20 | 2.59 | 0.1077 |
| Education | −1.31 | 0.81 | −2.89 | 0.27 | 2.63 | 0.1050 |
| GFR < 60 | 3.73 | 1.71 | 0.38 | 7.07 | 4.76 | 0.0291 |
X: Being highly educated (university or post-university) often correlates with higher socio-economic status in the KC settings.