Table 4.
Adjusted models of DCM prediction by urine metal concentrations (N = 57).
| Variable | Coefficient | SE | Wald 95% Confidence Limits | Wald X2 | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chromium model | ||||||
| Intercept | −2.32 | 1.29 | −4.85 | 0.21 | 3.24 | 0.0717 |
| Chromium | 4.69 | 2.09 | 0.60 | 8.78 | 5.05 | 0.0246 |
| Age | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.07 | 0.90 | 0.3435 |
| Male sex | 1.04 | 0.69 | −0.32 | 2.40 | 2.24 | 0.1344 |
| Education X | −0.86 | 0.65 | −2.13 | 0.41 | 1.76 | 0.1847 |
| Copper model | ||||||
| Intercept | −5.87 | 2.15 | −10.10 | −1.65 | 7.44 | 0.0064 |
| Copper | 0.32 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.54 | 8.32 | 0.0039 |
| Age | 0.03 | 0.04 | −0.04 | 0.10 | 0.69 | 0.4058 |
| Male sex | 0.88 | 0.95 | −0.98 | 2.74 | 0.85 | 0.3556 |
| Education | 0.08 | 0.94 | −1.76 | 1.93 | 0.01 | 0.9313 |
| Zinc model | ||||||
| Intercept | −4.88 | 2.65 | −10.07 | 0.29 | 3.41 | 0.0648 |
| Zinc | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 9.45 | 0.0021 |
| Age | −0.05 | 0.06 | −0.17 | 0.07 | 0.67 | 0.4146 |
| Male sex | −0.81 | 1.26 | −3.28 | 1.67 | 0.41 | 0.5231 |
| Education | 0.95 | 1.31 | −1.62 | 3.52 | 0.53 | 0.4684 |
| Selenium model | ||||||
| Intercept | −7.39 | 2.41 | −12.13 | −2.66 | 9.38 | 0.0022 |
| Selenium | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.39 | 9.84 | 0.0017 |
| Age | 0.05 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.10 | 3.11 | 0.0780 |
| Male sex | 1.51 | 0.78 | −0.02 | 3.05 | 3.74 | 0.0533 |
| High education | −1.28 | 0.74 | −2.73 | 0.16 | 3.03 | 0.0818 |
| Cadmium model | ||||||
| Intercept | −2.19 | 1.35 | −4.83 | 0.46 | 2.63 | 0.1051 |
| Cadmium | 2.47 | 0.87 | 0.78 | 4.17 | 8.19 | 0.0042 |
| Age | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.07 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.6850 |
| Male sex | 1.39 | 0.77 | −0.11 | 2.91 | 3.29 | 0.0697 |
| Education | −0.83 | 0.70 | −2.20 | 0.55 | 1.38 | 0.2401 |
| Antimony model | ||||||
| Intercept | −2.39 | 1.33 | −4.99 | −0.22 | 3.23 | 0.0723 |
| Antimony | 14.59 | 6.11 | 2.61 | 26.56 | 5.70 | 0.0170 |
| Age | 0.03 | 0.02 | −00.1 | 0.08 | 1.97 | 0.1602 |
| Male sex | 0.56 | 0.64 | −0.69 | 1.82 | 0.78 | 0.3785 |
| Education | −0.77 | 0.65 | −2.04 | 0.51 | 1.39 | 0.2380 |
| Thallium model | ||||||
| Intercept | −3.13 | 1.40 | −5.88 | −0.38 | 4.96 | 0.0259 |
| Thallium | 8.51 | 3.32 | 2.01 | 15.01 | 6.58 | 0.0103 |
| Age | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.08 | 1.43 | 0.2324 |
| Male sex | 1.36 | 0.74 | −0.08 | 2.80 | 3.42 | 0.0645 |
| Education | −1.25 | 0.69 | −2.59 | 0.09 | 3.33 | 0.0681 |
| Uranium model | ||||||
| Intercept | −3.78 | 1.62 | −6.95 | −0.61 | 5.48 | 0.0193 |
| Uranium | 85.43 | 35.37 | 16.11 | 154.74 | 5.83 | 0.0157 |
| Age | 0.04 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.09 | 2.62 | 0.1055 |
| Male sex | 1.59 | 0.78 | 0.07 | 3.10 | 4.19 | 0.0408 |
| Education | −0.92 | 0.71 | −2.32 | 0.47 | 1.68 | 0.1944 |
X: Being highly educated (university or post-university) often correlates with higher socio-economic status in the KC settings.