Table 1.
Stimulator | Cell Type | References |
---|---|---|
LPS | Murine microglia (BV2), primary microglia, and RAW cells | [49,50] |
TNF-α | Macrophages | [51] |
IL-1β | Murine N9 microglia | [52] |
Estrogen | Human umbilical vein cells (HUVEC) and human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-SH) | [53] |
IFN-γ | Macrophages | [51] |
Hypoxia | Rat insulinoma cell line (INS-1), rat islet cells | [54] |
Ethanol | Hypothalamic neuronal cell cultures | [55] |
Advanced glycation end products | BV2 cells, endothelial cells | [56] |