Table 2.

List of phytochemicals that inhibit NO production and neuroinflammation.

Scientific Name	Compound	IC50	Class	Pharmacological Target	Pharmacological Effects	References
Abies holophylla	Holophyllane A	12.75	Triterpenoid	NO	Anti-inflammatory Anticancer	[89]
	Holophyllane B	18.96
Artemisia argyi	Sesquiterpene dimer	NA	Terpenoid	NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β, GM-CSF, MIP-1α, p38 MAPKs., JNK, JAK2/STAT3	Anti-inflammation Anticancer Antioxidant Antidiabetic	[93]
Artemisia asiatica	Eupatilin	NA	Flavone	NF-κB	Anti-inflammatory Neuroprotective	[68]
Betula schmidtii	2α-O-benzoyl-3β,19α-dihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid	4.92	Triterpenoids	NO	Anti-inflammatory	[86,102]
	2α-O-benzoyl-19α-hydroxy-3-oxo-urs-12-en-28-oic acid	9.68
	Corosolic acid 11-Oxo-erythrodiol	12.93 16.58		NO
	Maslinic acid	4.46		TNF-α, NF-κB, a COX-2, NO
	Morolic acid 3-O-caffeate	8.62
	Ambradiolic acid
	Isotachioside 4-allyl-2-hydrophenyl 1-O-β-	23.9	Phenolic derivatives
	D-apiosyl-(1 → 6)- β -D-glucopyranoside	25.3
	Genistein 5-O-β-D-glucoside	28.8
	Prunetinoside	34.0
Brassica olifera	Sulforaphane	5.85	isothiocyanate		Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant Anti-amnesic Neuroprotective	[56,103,104]
Bupleurum falcatum	Saikosaponins	NA	Terpenoid	NO, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, NF-κB	Immune modulator Antibacterial Anti-inflammatory Antihepatoma	[92]
Capsella Bursa-pastoris	Sesquilignan glycoside	75.13	Phenolic glycosides		Anti-inflammatory	[105]
	7S, 8R, 8′R-(−)-lariciresinol-4,4′-bis-O-glucopyranoside	48.80
	Lariciresinol4′-O-β-d-glucoside	30.70
	(+)-Pinoresinol-β-d-glucoside	17.80
	Salidroside	31.14
	3-(4-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-3,5-dimethoxy)-phenyl-2E-propanol	62.21
	β-Hydroxy-propiovanillone 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside	27.91
	Coniferin	49.21
Chaenomeles sinensis	3β-O-cis-feruloyl-2α,19α- dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid	37.1	Triterpenoids	NO	Anti-inflammatory	[106]
	Maslinic acid	17.8
	2α,3α-Dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid	21.6
	2α-Hydroxyursolic acid	47.1
	Betulinic acid	4.5		NF-κB, NO, prostaglandin E2, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2
	Alphitolic acid	14.5
	3-O-cis-caffeoylbetulinic	13.4
	Ilekudinol C	25.5
	Chaenomin	48.37
	Berbekorin A	49.29
	Aucuparin	50.15		NO
	2′-Hydroxyaucuparin	38.06
	2′-Methoxyaucuparin	28.09
	2′,4′-Dimethoxyaucuparin	39.64
	ε-Cotonefuran	17.78		NO
Chaenomeles speciosa	Chaenomin B	283.33	Biphenyl derivatives		Anticancer Anti-inflammatory Neuroprotective	[88]
	Chaenomin A	86.02
	2′,4′-Dimethoxyaucuparin	272.72
	Aucuparin	20.04
	2′-Methoxyaucuparin	22.02
	Maslinic acid	26.96
	Dihydrotomentosolic acid	19.41
	Ilexgenin B,	12.72
	Betulinic acid	2.38		NF-κB, NO, prostaglandin E2, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2
	23-Hydroxybetulinic acid and pycarenic acid	6.70
	Pycarenic acid	67.50
Citrus aurantium	Tangeretin	NA	Flavone		Anti-neuroinflammatory	[73]
Citrus unshiu	Citrusin XI	70	Cyclopeptide	NO, iNOS, NF-κB	Anti-inflammatory Anti-fungal Anti-bacterial Antioxidant	[98]
Clematis armandii	(7R, 8S)-dehydrodiconferyl alcohol	9.3	Lignan	NO, COX-2, iNOS, NF-κB, AKT, JNK, src, fak	Anti-aging Anti-inflammatory	[59,60]
Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau	Cudraflavanone A	22.2	Flavonoid	NO, PGE2, iNOS, NF-κB, P38, JNK MAPK	Anti-inflammatory Neuroprotective Antioxidant	[64]
Dioscorea nipponica	Tsaokarylone	13.36	Phenols	NO	Anti-diabetic Anti-inflammatory	[75]
	(4E,6E)-1-(3ʹ,4ʹ-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-(4ʹʹ-hydroxyphenyl)-hepta-4, 6-dien-3-one	14.36
Firmiana simplex	4-[(1S,2R)-1,3-dihydroxy-2-[4-[(1E)-3-hydroxy-1-propenyl]-2- methoxyphenoxy] propyl]-2-methoxyphenyl β-D-glucopyranoside	59.83	Lignan glycosides	NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β, COX2, MAPKs, ERK, JNK, p38 MAPK	Anti-neuroinflammatory Anti-inflammatory Neuroprotective	[107]
	Balanophonin	10.25	Neolignan derivative			[57]
	Firmianols A	35.39	Lignan derivatives
	Firmianols B	>500
	(+)-Piperitol	32.65
	(+)-Pinoresinol	25.1
	(+)-Syringaresinol	27.53
	Buddlenol E	19.22
	(+)-Sesamin	26.26
	(−)-Pinoresinol	31.1
	(+)-7′-Methoxylariciresinol	32.99
	(−)-5-Methoxybalanophonin	10.0
	Buddlenol A Threo-(7R,8R)-	15.23
	Guaiacylglycerol-β-coniferyl aldehyde ether	1.05
	Erythro-(7S,8R)-Guaiacylglycerol-β-coniferyl aldehyde ether	0.929
	Threo-Guaiacylglycerol-8-O-4′-sinapyl alcohol ether	9.14
	Erythro-Syringylglycerol-8-O-4′-coniferyl alcohol ether	9.14
	Threo-Guaiacylglycerol-8-O-4′-coniferyl alcohol ether	32.56
	Threo-Guaiacylglycerol 8′-vanillin ether	47.59
Fraxinus rhynchophylla	Oleuropein			NO, ROS, ERK/p38/NF-κB		[77]
Glycine max	Daidzein	93.15	Isoflavones	NO, AMP kinase, NF-κB	Anti-inflammatory Neuroprotective	[65]
	Daidzein	14.09
	Genistein	137.50
	Genistein	10.63
	Equol	3.45
Impatiens balsamina	Balsamisides A	33.33	Biflavonoid glycosides	NO	Anti-neurodegenerative	[71]
	Balsamisides B	56.86
	Balsamisides C	39.16
	Balsamisides D	31.02
	Kaempferol	8.86
	Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,	23.50
	Kaempferol3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside	31.73
	Kaempferol3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-Dglucopyranoside	44.44
	Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-allopyranoside	80.35 19.11
	Quercetin	19.11
	Quercetin3-O-β-D-glucospyranoide,	55.59
	Quercetin3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside	24.29
	Dihydromyricetin	32.66
Lagerstroemia indica	Pterospermin A	21.4	Phenolic derivative		Anti-inflammatory	[108]
	Dihydrodehydroconiferyl alcohol	14.6
	Alatusol	35.4
	Ficusol	36.0
	Evofolin-B	22.0
	Marphenol	44.9
Ligustrum obtusifolium	Obtusifolisides A	33.85	Secoiridoid glycosides		LPS-activated microglia neuroinflammation	[109]
	Obtusifolisides B	5.45
	Oleoside-11-methylester	38.67
	Oleoside-7,11-dimethylester 10-Hydroxyoleuropein	38.89 11.17
	Oleuropein	14.62
	Ligstroside	61.25
	(2″R)-2″- methoxyoleuropein	15.45
	Neonuezhenide	14.96
	4,4′-(1E,1′E,3E,3′E)-3,3′-(hydrazine-1,2-diylidene) bis-(prop-1-ene-1-yl-3-ylidene) bis-(2-methoxyphenol)	12.47	Azine derivative			[110]
Lindera glauca	Eudeglaucone	15.90	Eudesmane sesquiterpene		Anti-inflammatory	[87,111]
	(+)-Faurinone	3.67
	3α-Hydroxycostic acid	26.48
	Ilicic acid	14.92
	γ-Costic acid	24.44
	Costic acid	12.13
Lindera neesiana	Koaburaside	NA	Phenolic glycoside	NO, MAPK, COX-2, INOS	Anti-inflammatory, Neuroprotection	[99]
Medicago sativa Linn	Coumestrol	NA	Phytoestrogen	NO, 1 (IRF-1), stat1, MCP-1, IL-6	Antidiabetic Lower liver cholesterol	[95]
Phaeanthus vietnamensis	(7S,8R,8′R)-9,9′-epoxy-3,5,3′,5′-tetramethoxylignan-4,4′,7-triol	65.2	Alkaloids		Anti-inflammatory	[94]
	8R,8′R-bishydrosyringenin	25.3
	(+)-5,5’-Dimethoxylariciresinol	73.9
	(+)-Pinoresinol	60
	8α-Hydroxyoplop-11(12)-en-14-one	46.3
	Spathulenol	15.7		NO
	1αH,5βH-aromandendrane-4β,10α-diol	29.3
	1αH,5βH-aromandendrane-4α,10α-diol10α-diol	23.0
	1βH,5βH-aromandendrane-4α,10β-diol	22.6
	3α,4β-dihydroxybisabola-1,10-diene	39.9
	Nerolidol	50.8
	(1R,2S,4S)-4-acetyl-2-[(E)-(cinnamoyloxy)]-1-methylcyclohexan-1-ol	45.7
Pinus koraiensis	Koraiensides E	24.1	Diterpenoid Glycosides		Anti-inflammatory Neuroprotective	[112]
Raphanus sativus	Sinapoyl desulfoglucoraphenin	45.36	4-Methylthio-butanyl derivatives	NO	Anti-inflammatory Anti-proliferative	[100]
	Genistein	137.50
	Genistein	10.63
	Equol	3.45
Salix glandulosa	Saliglandin	120.18	Salicin derivatives	NO	Anti-inflammatory	[79]
	6′-O-(Z)-p-coumaroylsalicin	31.55
	Salicin	85.40
	2′-O-acetylsalicin	123.36
	3′-O-acetylsalicin	27.27
	Fragilin	206.12
	Trumuloidin	114.30
	2′-O-(E)-p-coumaroylsalicin 2′-O-(Z)-p-coumaroylsalicin	29.77 25.47
	6′-O-(E)-p-coumaroylsalicin	38.25
	Salicortin	13.57		NO
	2′-O-acetylsalicortin	14.61
	3′-O-acetylsalicortin	18.27
	6′-O-acetylsalicortin	22.78
	Tremulacin	18.59
	Cochinchiside A	23.40
Sambucus williamsii	Sambucasinol B	0.9	New iridoid glycosides Lignan	NO	Anti-inflammatory Neuroprotective	[63]
	Sambucuside C	1.3
	Sambucuside E	1.2
	Sambucasinol A	6.82
	Lariciresinol	72.58
	(7αH,8′αH)-4,4′,8α,9-tetrahydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-7,9′-epoxylignan	>500
	Berchemol	215.41
	7-Hydroxylariciresinol	128.97
	(−)-Medioresinol	45.59
	(−)-Pinoresinol	34.25
	7R,8S-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol	39.97
Selagginella tamariscina	(2R, 3S) dihydro-2-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-5-acetyl-benzofuran	32.3	Lignanoside	NO, iNOS, TNF-α, and NF-κB	Anti-inflammatory	[62]
	Tamariscinoside E	NA
Smenospongia cerebriformis	Smenohaimiens A	30.13	Sesquiterpene derivatives		Anti-inflammatory	[90]
	Smenohaimiens B	28.33
	Smenohaimiens C	>40
	Smenohaimiens D	>40
	Smenohaimiens E 19-Hydroxy-polyfibrospongol	24.37 24.44
	Ilimaquinone,	10.40		NO
	Dictyoceratin C,	>40
	Polyfibrospongol A,	>40
	Polyfibrospongol B	30.43
Solanum melongena L	Melongenamide C	16.4	Lignanamides	NO	Anti-inflammatory	[61]
	Cannabisin F	16.2
Sophora alopecuroides	Sophoraflavanone G	NA	Flavonoid	NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2, JAK/STAT, P13K/AKT, MAPKs	Anti-neuroinflammatory	[72]
Sorbus commixta	Sorcomisides A	NA	Phenolic glycosides		Anti-inflammatory Neuroprotective Anticancer	[113]
	Sorcomisides B
	Sorcomic acid	180.12	Fatty Acids		Anti-inflammatory Neuroprotective Anticancer	[114]
	Methyl (3S,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhexanoate	165.03
	(S)-(E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid	>500
	3(R)-hydroxyoctanoic acid	>500
	9-Hydroxynonanoic acid	187.87
	Methyl 9-hydroxynonanoate	196.67
	Azelaric acid	150.22
	Monomethyl azelate	>500
	(9S,12S,13R)-(E)-9,12,13-trihydroxy-10-octadecaenoic acid	186.67
	(9S,12R,13R)-(E)-9,12,13-trihydroxy-10-octadecaenoic acid	71.25
Tilia amurensis	Orobol4’-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside	23.42	Isoflavonoid glycoside	NO	Anti-neuroinflammatory Anti-proliferative	[70]
	Pratensein-7-O-β- D-glucoside	32.23
	Orobol 7-O-β-D-glucoside	31.85
	Orobol 4′-O-β-glucopyranoside	>200
	Kelampayoside A	>200
	Osmanthuside H	25.99
	Salidroside	35.64
	Dihydroconiferin	158.49
	Isotachioside	50.29
	Tachioside	116.66
	Koaburside	>200
	2-Methoxyhydroquinone	58.87
	Scopoletin	37.69
	Scopolin	148.92
	Fraxin	30.02
	n-Butyl β-D-glucopyranoside	>200
	Adenosine	>200
Toddaliae asiaticae	Omphalocarpin	7.4	Phytoestrogen	NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2	Anti-inflammatory	[96]
Toxicodendron verniciflumm	Butein	11.68	Phenols	NO	Cytotoxic Anti-inflammatory	[74]
Ulmus davidiana	Fraxetin	18.72	chromane derivative		Anti-inflammatory Neuroprotective	[115]
	(+)-lyoniresinol	12.31
	4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl vanillic acid	21.40
Wasabi japonica	Allyl isothiocyanate	20.10	Aliphatic isothiocyanate		LPS-activated microglia neuroinflammation	[116]
Zanthoxylum schinifolium	Zanthplanispine	36.8	Lignan	NO	Anti-inflammatory	[101]
Zinginber officinale	Gingerols	NA	Polyphenols	NO, NF-κB, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α	Anti-inflammatory Neuroprotective	[76]
	Gingerone	NA
	Shogaol	NA		NO
	Zingerone	NA		IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, TLR4, MyD88, TRIF
	Paradol	NA		TNF-α, iNOS
	Honokiol	17.0	Pyrazole analogs		Anti-inflammatory	[117]
Positive control	L-NMMA	20.53	Methyl-arginine		Anti-inflammatory	[89]