Table 5.

List of altered metabolite levels identified in urine samples of BC patients with respect to healthy controls.

Metabolite	Studies on Urine Samples
	[119]	[120]	[121]	[118]
2-oxoisocaproate	↓
3-methylglutarate	↓
4-cresol sulphate		↓
4-hydroxyphenylacetate			↓
acetate		↓	↓
acetone		↓
alanine	↓	↓	↓
asparagine			↓
betaine		↓
carnitine		↓
choline		↓
cis-aconitate		↓
citrate		↓		↑
creatine		↓	↓
creatinine	↓	↓	↓
dimethylamine	↓	↓	↓
ethanolamine			↓
formate		↑	↓
glucose			↓
glutamate (n-acetylaminoacides)	↓
glutamine	↓	↓
glycine	↓	↓
guanidoacetate		↓		↓
hippurate	↓		↓
histamine	↓
hypoxanthine		↓
isoleucine	↓		↓
lactate		↓	↓
leucine	↓		↓
levoglucosan			↓
lysine	↓
malonate	↓
mannitol		↓
methylhistidine	↓
phenylacetylglycine				↓
pyroglutamate			↓
pyruvate		↓
serine		↓
succinate		↓	↓
sucrose			↓
taurine	↓	↓
threonine		↓	↓
trans-aconitate			↓
trigonelline		↓
trimethylamine n-oxide	↓	↓
uracil			↓
urea			↓
valine	↓	↓	↓
α-hydroxybutyrate		↑
α-hydroxyisobutyrate		↓
α-oxoglutarate		↓
β-hydroxyisobutyrate	↓
β-hydroxyisovalerate		↓

↑/↓ higher/lower level in the first group of each comparison.