Table 1.
Summary of miRNAs in RAS-induced cardiac remodelling.
| miRNA | Target | Function | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| miR-155 | Socs1, Jarid2, AT1R, IKKi eNOS | Promote pro-hypertrophic and pro-fibrotic inflammation, but anti-hypertrophic through targeting AT1R | [90,91,92,95,97] |
| miR-208 | Thyroid hormone-associated protein 1, myostatin, NLK | Promote cardiac hypertrophy and arrhythmia, involved in apoptosis | [104,109] |
| miR-132/212 | FoxO3, AT1R, AC, JAK2, PKC, cJUN, SOD2, EGR1 | Promote cardiac hypertrophy, inhibit autophagy and apoptosis | [112,114] |
| miR-21 | Spry1, PTEN, SMAD7, TGFBR2, RECK | Promote cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis | [116,201,202,203,204,206,210,212] |
| miR-410/495 | MDM2, MET, MTA3, MTA1A, SOX9, BMI1,TBC1D9, PPX3, MEIS1, ATP7, PTP4A3, SMR3B | Promote cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and proliferation | [118] |
| miR-19a/b | Atrogin-1, MuRF-1, PTEN | Promote cardiac hypertrophy, inhibit apoptosis, reduce CTGF expression | [119,120,121] |
| miR-20b, 20b-5p | Mitofusin2, SMAD7 | Promote cardiac hypertrophy and ventricular remodelling | [123,125] |
| miR-21-3p | SORBS2, PDLIM5, HDAC8 | Involved in cardiac hypertrophy (evidence for both pro- and anti-hypertrophic effects) | [126,128] |
| miR-26a | GATA4, CTGF, collagen I | Inhibit cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis | [127,228] |
| miR-16 | Cyclin D1, D2, E1 | Inhibit cardiac hypertrophy | [129] |
| miR-98 | Cyclin D2 | Inhibits cardiac hypertrophy | [130] |
| miR-30a | Beclin-1 | Inhibits cardiac autophagy and hypertrophy | [131] |
| miR-34a | ATG9A, SMAD4 | Inhibit cardiac autophagy and hypertrophy, promote cardiac fibrosis | [132,224] |
| miR-133a | Angiotensinogen, SRF, cyclin D2, caspase 9, CTGF, RhoA, Cdc42, Nel-A/WHSC2, collagen 1α1, NFATc4 | Inhibit cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis | [135,141,142,143,144,145,146,147] |
| miR-1 | HDAC4, NFATc3, MCU, CDK6, IGF-1, IGF-1R | Inhibit cardiac hypertrophy | [141,152,153] |
| miR-99a | mTOR1/2 | Inhibits cardiac hypertrophy | [157] |
| miR-101 | Rab1a | Inhibits cardiac hypertrophy | [158] |
| miR-129-3p | PKIA | Inhibits cardiac hypertrophy | [159] |
| miR-433 | JNK1, AZIN1 | Promote cardiac fibrosis | [215] |
| miR-503 | Apelin-13 | Promotes cardiac fibrosis | [216] |
| miR-19a/b-3p | TGFBR2, SMAD4 | Inhibit cardiac fibrosis | [230,231,232] |
| miR-29b | Collagen, fibrillin, elastin | Inhibit cardiac fibrosis | [233,234,235] |
| miR-22 | TGFBR1 | Inhibits cardiac fibrosis | [237] |
| miR-let-7i | IL-6, collagens | Inhibit cardiac inflammation and fibrosis | [238] |
| miR-181a | REN, AIFM1 | Reduce blood pressure | [239] |
| miR-143/145 | KLF4/5, myocardin, ELK-1 | Cardiogenesis, maintenance of VSMC phenotype | [243,245,246] |
| miR-145, 27a/b | ACE | RAS modulation | [246,247] |
| miR-143, 421 | ACE2 | RAS modulation | [34,250,251] |
| miR-483-3p | ACE, ACE2, AT2R | RAS modulation | [252] |
| miR-766 | Cyp11B2 | Reduces aldosterone synthase | [253] |
| miR-125b | ACE2 | RAS modulation | [254] |