Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants from the Women’s Health Initiative (n = 49,007) according to the frequency of total citrus consumption.
| Total Citrus Serving Category | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <2/wk | 2–4/wk | 5–6/wk | 1–1.4/d | ≥1.5/d | Total | |
| N (%) | 13,991 (28.6) | 10,870 (22.2) | 5002 (10.2) | 11,841 (24.2) | 7303 (14.9) | |
| Median intake/day | 0.09 | 0.50 | 0.78 | 1.08 | 1.72 | |
| Age, years (mean, SD) | 61.9 (7.1) | 63.0 (7.1) | 63.1 (7.2) | 63.9 (7.1) | 63.7 (7.3) | 63.0 (7.2) |
| Regional solar radiation Langleys (g-cal per cm2) (n, %) | ||||||
| 300–325 | 4150 (29.7) | 3650 (33.6) | 1722 (34.4) | 4388 (37.1) | 2599 (35.6) | 16,509 (33.7) |
| 350 | 2792 (20.0) | 2234 (20.6) | 1060 (21.2) | 2683 (22.7) | 1779 (24.4) | 10,548 (21.5) |
| 375–380 | 1539 (11.0) | 1248 (11.5) | 530 (10.6) | 1281 (10.8) | 769 (10.5) | 5367 (11.0) |
| 400–430 | 2632 (18.8) | 1733 (15.9) | 782 (15.6) | 1552 (13.1) | 942 (12.9) | 7641 (15.6) |
| 475–500 | 2878 (20.6) | 2005 (18.5) | 908 (18.2) | 1937 (16.4) | 1214 (16.6) | 8942 (18.3) |
| Average daily time outdoors in summer as a child (n, %) | ||||||
| <30 min | 338 (2.4) | 239 (2.2) | 104 (2.1) | 245 (2.1) | 159 (2.2) | 1085 (2.2) |
| 30 min to 2 h | 3648 (26.1) | 2975 (27.4) | 1252 (25.0) | 3139 (26.5) | 1755 (24.0) | 12,769 (26.1) |
| 2+ h | 10,005 (71.5) | 7656 (70.4) | 3646 (72.9) | 8457 (71.4) | 5389 (73.8) | 35,153 (71.7) |
| Average daily time outdoors in summer currently (n, %) | ||||||
| <30 min | 4646 (33.2) | 3209 (29.5) | 1337 (26.7) | 3366 (28.4) | 2044 (28.0) | 14,602 (29.8) |
| 30 min to 2 h | 6802 (48.6) | 5556 (51.1) | 2647 (52.9) | 6160 (52.0) | 3583 (49.1) | 24,748 (50.5) |
| 2+ h | 2543 (18.2) | 2105 (19.4) | 1018 (20.4) | 2315 (19.6) | 1676 (23.0) | 9657 (19.7) |
| Sunscreen SPF (n, %) | ||||||
| None | 7443 (53.2) | 5146 (47.3) | 2338 (46.7) | 5532 (46.7) | 3349 (45.9) | 23,808 (48.6) |
| Something but don’t know | 210 (1.5) | 154 (1.4) | 70 (1.4) | 169 (1.4) | 102 (1.4) | 705 (1.4) |
| 2–14 | 658 (4.7) | 607 (5.6) | 281 (5.6) | 607 (5.1) | 367 (5.0) | 2520 (5.1) |
| 15–24 | 3621 (25.9) | 3157 (29.0) | 1509 (30.2) | 3626 (30.6) | 2228 (30.5) | 14,141 (28.9) |
| 25+ | 2059 (14.7) | 1806 (16.6) | 804 (16.1) | 1907 (16.1) | 1257 (17.2) | 7833 (16.0) |
| Skin reaction to sun (n, %) | ||||||
| No change | 830 (5.9) | 644 (5.9) | 298 (6.0) | 653 (5.5) | 395 (5.4) | 2820 (5.8) |
| Tans, does not burn | 4224 (30.2) | 3381 (31.1) | 1577 (31.5) | 3652 (30.8) | 2338 (32.0) | 15,172 (31.0) |
| Burns, then tans | 3600 (25.7) | 2793 (25.7) | 1330 (26.6) | 3153 (26.6) | 1933 (26.5) | 12,809 (26.1) |
| Burns, then tans minimally | 3731 (26.7) | 2941 (27.1) | 1303 (26.1) | 3224 (27.2) | 1901 (26.0) | 13,100 (26.7) |
| Burns, does not tan | 1606 (11.5) | 1111 (10.2) | 494 (9.9) | 1159 (9.8) | 736 (10.1) | 5106 (10.4) |
| Education (n, %) | ||||||
| <High school graduate | 545 (3.9) | 309 (2.8) | 113 (2.3) | 256 (2.2) | 145 (2.0) | 1368 (2.8) |
| High school graduate | 2675 (19.1) | 1795 (16.5) | 805 (16.1) | 1730 (14.6) | 1001 (13.7) | 8006 (16.3) |
| Some college | 5270 (37.7) | 4060 (37.4) | 1681 (33.6) | 4107 (34.7) | 2487 (34.1) | 17,605 (35.9) |
| College graduate | 5388 (38.5) | 4641 (42.7) | 2375 (47.5) | 5671 (47.9) | 3618 (49.5) | 21,693 (44.3) |
| BMI, kg/m2 (mean, SD) | 27.4 (6.0) | 27.1 (5.9) | 27.1 (5.7) | 26.7 (5.6) | 26.7 (5.9) | 27.0 (5.8) |
| Physical Activity (n, %) | ||||||
| Inactive (0–1.7) | 3119 (22.5) | 1774 (16.5) | 744 (15.0) | 1788 (15.3) | 961 (13.3) | 8386 (17.3) |
| Low Activity (1.8–8.3) | 3835 (27.7) | 2857 (26.5) | 1269 (25.6) | 2892 (24.7) | 1695 (23.4) | 12,548 (25.9) |
| Mod Activity (8.4–20) | 3914 (28.3) | 3415 (31.7) | 1559 (31.4) | 3871 (33.0) | 2299 (31.7) | 15,058 (31.0) |
| High Activity (>20) | 2971 (21.5) | 2731 (25.3) | 1387 (28.0) | 3168 (27.0) | 2291 (31.6) | 12,548 (25.9) |
| Cigarette Smoking Status (n, %) | ||||||
| Never | 6383 (46.2) | 5468 (50.9) | 2523 (51.0) | 6093 (52.1) | 3845 (53.3) | 24,312 (50.2) |
| Past | 6346 (45.9) | 4716 (43.9) | 2206 (44.6) | 5144 (44.0) | 3070 (42.5) | 21,482 (44.4) |
| Current | 1088 (7.9) | 568 (5.3) | 221 (4.5) | 452 (3.9) | 304 (4.2) | 2633 (5.4) |
| Alcohol, g/day (mean, SD) | 5.6 (11.6) | 6.1 (11.1) | 6.6 (12.1) | 6.6 (11.2) | 6.4 (11.4) | 6.2 (11.4) |
| Coffee, cups/day (mean, SD) | 2.3 (1.8) | 2.2 (1.7) | 2.3 (1.7) | 2.2 (1.6) | 2.1 (1.7) | 2.2 (1.7) |
| Hormone Therapy Status (n, %) | ||||||
| Never | 3503 (25.5) | 2875 (26.9) | 1317 (26.9) | 3296 (28.4) | 2121 (29.6) | 13,112 (27.3) |
| Past | 2653 (19.3) | 1984 (18.6) | 934 (19.1) | 2267 (19.6) | 1325 (18.5) | 9163 (19.1) |
| Current | 7600 (55.3) | 5825 (54.5) | 2640 (54.0) | 6031 (52.0) | 3711 (51.9) | 25,807 (53.7) |
| Total energy intake, kcal (mean, SD) | 1479 (567.9) | 1540 (562.2) | 1610 (562.3) | 1626 (548.2) | 1771 (604.5) | 1585 (575.1) |
| Citrus Fruit, medium servings (mean, SD) | 0.06 (0.08) | 0.21 (0.18) | 0.38 (0.26) | 0.40 (0.37) | 0.81 (0.69) | 0.32 (0.42) |
| Citrus Juice, medium servings (mean, SD) | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.28 (0.19) | 0.40 (0.27) | 0.70 (0.38) | 1.16 (0.66) | 0.46 (0.51) |
| Non-Citrus Fruit and Juice, medium servings (mean, SD) | 1.64 (1.33) | 1.81 (1.23) | 1.99 (1.29) | 2.05 (1.36) | 2.60 (1.89) | 1.96 (1.44) |