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The effect of VA on the expression of genes of some Phase I and Phase II enzymes. (A) CYP2E1: cytochrome P450 2E1. (B) GSTA-5: glutathione S-transferase A5. (C) Nrf-2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. * Significantly different from negative control group, p < 0.05. ** Significantly different from positive control group, p < 0.05. DEN: diethylnitrosamine, DMH: 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, NSS: normal saline solution, VA: vanillic acid.
