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The effect of VA on the expression of genes related to cell proliferation and apoptosis. (A) Cyclin D1. (B) Bad. (C) Caspase-3. (D) Bax. (E) Bcl-2. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. * Significantly different from negative control group, p < 0.05. ** Significantly different from positive control group, p < 0.05. DEN: diethylnitrosamine, DMH: 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, NSS: normal saline solution, VA: vanillic acid.
