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. 2021 Apr 30;13(9):2179. doi: 10.3390/cancers13092179

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Outline of the sandwich complex between TiO₂-coated Fe₃O₄ beads (Fe₃O₄@TiO₂), exosomes and SERS-encoded nanoparticles (SEPs) comprising a gold-silver core-shell nucleus functionalized with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) as the SERS code and further conjugated with an anti-PD-L1 antibody. (B,C) SEM images of Fe₃O₄@TiO₂ + A549 exosome, and Fe₃O₄@TiO₂ + A549 exosome + SEPs, respectively.(D) Scatter plots of the log SERS intensity (MBA band at ca. 1074 cm⁻¹) in the serum samples from the controls and the early-stage (stage I/II) and advanced (stage III/IV) patients diagnosed with non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Adapted with permission from [95]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier.