AFWE improves the expression of skin barrier function-related proteins on HaCaT cells. (A) Western blot analysis of FLG and AQP3 protein expression. (B) Fold change of PFLG to FLG ratio. (C) Fold change of AQP3 protein expression compared to control group. (D) Relative mRNA expression of IVL checked by qRT-PCR. (E) Western blot analysis of PKC and MAPK (pP38/p38, ERK 1/2) signaling pathway-related proteins expression. (F) Fold change of PKC, MAPK (pP38, ERK 1/2) signaling pathway-related proteins compared to control group. NCtr is control, PCtr is C. asiatica, used as a positive control at 5 µg/mL, and AFWE is A. vera flower water extracts at 1, 2.5, 5 µg/mL. Treatment was carried out in normal condition. Each value represents the mean ± SEM of triplicate experiments. (*) p < 0.05 and (**) p < 0.01, compared to control group and (#) p < 0.05 and (###) p < 0.001 compared to positive control group.