Table 3.

VR therapy effects, mean differences (95% CI).

	VR (n = 11)	Control (n = 12)	MS	F	p	ƞp2
GDS
Pre vs. post	4.00 (1.11–6.89); p = 0.001	−0.50 (−3.27–2.27); p = 0.73
Pre vs. follow-up	5.00 (2.11–7.89); p < 0.001	0.42 (−2.35–3.19); p = 0.41
Time * group			39.47	8.31	<0.001	0.28
Stress level
Pre vs. post	9.18 (2.65–15.71); p = 0.001	−1.00 (−7.25–5.25); p = 0.59
Pre vs. follow-up	15.18 (8.65–21.71); p < 0.001	−2.25 (−8.50–4.00); p = 0.33
Time * group			440.10	18.18	<0.001	0.46
Emotional tension
Pre vs. post	1.82 (−1.42–5.06); p = 0.99	−0.50 (−3.60–2.60); p = 0.94
Pre vs. follow-up	4.45 (1.21–7.70); p = 0.001	−1.17 (−4.27–1.94); p = 0.92
Time * group			45.80	7.67	0.001	0.27
External stress
Pre vs. post	5.27 (2.16–8.39); p < 0.001	−0.25 (−3.23–2.73); p = 0.98
Pre vs. follow-up	6.18 (3.07–9.30); p < 0.001	−0.50 (−3.48–2.48); p = 0.87
Time * group			73.17	13.28	<0.001	0.39
Intrapsychic stress
Pre vs. post	2.09 (−0.98–5.17); p = 0.60	−0.25 (−3.19–2.69); p = 0.78
Pre vs. follow-up	4.55 (1.47–7.62); p < 0.001	−0.58 (−3.53–2.36); p = 0.54
Time * group			37.84	7.05	0.002	0.25
HADS
Pre vs. post	4.27 (1.16–7.39); p = 0.001	−0.50 (−3.48–2.48); p = 0.32
Pre vs. follow-up	6.00 (2.89–9.11); p < 0.001	−0.33 (−3.31–2.65); p = 0.75
Time * group			62.49	11.35	<0.001	0.35
HADS-Anxiety
Pre vs. post	2.82 (0.64–5.00); p = 0.003	−0.17 (−2.26–1.92); p = 0.79
Pre vs. follow-up	4.36 (2.18–6.55); p < 0.001	−0.58 (−2.67–1.51); p = 0.54
Time * group			35.61	13.18	<0.001	0.39
HADS-Depression
Pre vs. post	1.45 (−0.32–3.23); p = 0.22	−0.33 (−2.03–1.36); p = 0.87
Pre vs. follow-up	1.64 (−0.18–3.41); p = 0.10	0.25 (−1.45–1.95); p = 0.85
Time * group			5.05	2.83	0.070	0.12

GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; p-value as a result of Repeated Measures ANOVA; MS: mean square; *: It is a sign of the interaction of time and group. This is the standard way of reporting the results of statistical analysis