Table 1.
Illustrative table with novel therapeutic approaches useful managing atherosclerotic risk.
| Pharmacological Class | Drug | Effect on Atherosclerotic Risk | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Statins | ↓ Infiltration of LDL particles into the arterial wall | [12,13,14,15,16] | |
| Lipid-lowering agents | PCSK9 | ↑ Expression of the LDL-R on hepatocytes promoting clearance of LDL-C by the liver; Stabilization and plaque regression |
[17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30] |
| Bempedoic acid | ↓ Cholesterol synthesis; ↓ Indices of inflammation |
[31,32,33] | |
| Hypoglicemic agents | GLP-1 RAs | Direct actions on the myocardium and blood vessels; Significant effects on the early stage of atherosclerosis, arterial entry and retention of LDL; ↓ Subclinical atherosclerosis by a reduction in atherogenic small, dense LDL particles |
[62,63,65,66,67,68] |
| GIP | Protective action in the onset and evolution of atheromatous plaque; ↓ Plaque formation and macrophage foam cells; ↑Plaque stability; ↓ Mean arterial pressure |
[101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115] | |
| Tocilizumab | Blocks IL-6 receptors; ↓ Myocardial damage and systemic inflammation |
[82] | |
| Anti-inflammatory agents | Colchicine | Inhibits caspase-1 proteolysis and IL-1β secretion in macrophages | [84] |
| Canakinumab | Improved endothelial function; ↓ Adhesion molecules |
[83] | |
| CoQ10 | Preventing lipid peroxidation | [39,40,41,42] | |
| Soy proteins | Improving endothelial dysfunction | [37,38] | |
| Olive oil | ↓ Level of systemic ET-1; ↑ Endogenous antioxidant enzymes; ↓ DNA oxidation level; Ameliorated endothelial function |
[48] | |
| Epicatechin | Improved endothelial function and reduced inflammation | [49] | |
| EGCG | Restores the expression of Jagged-1, the key effector of EGCG-protective effect against oxLDL-induced endothelial dysfunction | [50] | |
| Nutraceuticals | Norisoboldine | Effect on inflammasoma | [51] |
| DHA | Effect on vessel wall shear stress and atherosclerosis | [52] | |
| Diosgenin | Preventing differentiated macrophage cells; ↓ Level of oxLDL |
[53] | |
| BBR | Improve the absorption of cholesterol in the liver and act by improving endothelial dysfunction; Inhibit HMGCoA reductase; ↓ Atherogenic sdLDL |
[37,54] | |
| Polydatin | Cardioprotection by activating myocardial Notch-1/HES1 signaling | [55] | |
| TSG | Antiapoptotic effect | [56] | |
| Resveratrol | ↓ Balloon-injured arteries | [57] |
BBR: BerBeRine; CoQ10: Coenzyme Q10; DHA: DocosaHexaenoic Acid; EGCG: EpiGalloCatechin-3-Gallate; ET-1: EndoThelin-1; GIP: Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide; GLP-1Ras: Glucagon Like Peptide-1 Receptor agonists; HMGCoA reductase: Hydroxy Methyl Glutaryl Coenzyme A reductase; IL: InterLeukin; LDL: Low Density Lipoproteins; LDL-C: Low Density Lipoproteins-Cholesterol LDL-R: Low Density Lipoproteins-Receptor; PCSK9: Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9; sdLDL: small dance Low Density Lipoproteins; TSG: 9; 2,3,5,4′-TetrahydroxyStilbene-2-O-β-D-Glucoside.