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. 2021 Apr 30;18(9):4798. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18094798

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The association between concentrations of the heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and As) and GQI, corrected by dividing by creatinine. We found (a) negative associations between Cd/As concentrations and GFA, and between Pb/Cd concentrations and NQA, in the SLF; (b) negative associations between Pb concentration and GFA, and between Cd concentration and NQA, as well as a positive association between Pb/Cd/As concentrations and ISO, in the superior frontal gyrus (part of the SFO); and (c) a negative association between Cd/As concentrations and GFA, and between Pb/Cd/As concentrations and NQAn in the superior parietal gyrus (part of the SFO). In the association between heavy metal (Pb, Cd, and As) concentrations and GQI, corrected by using creatinine as a covariate, we found (d) a negative association between Cd/As concentrations and GFA/NQA, and a positive association between As concentrations and ISO, in the superior frontal gyrus (part of the SFO); while (e) a negative association between Pb/Cd/As concentrations and GFA/NQA in the SLF was also observed.