Table 1.
Intakes of date palm fruit products and surrogate cardiovascular markers a.
| Product | Model | Quantity | Duration | Response |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dates | In vitro (colorimetric assay) |
No data available | - | ↓ ACE activity [60] |
| Dates | In vitro | 100 g dry weight | - | ↑ TEAC, ABTS•+, FRAP [65] |
| Date phenolic acid and flavonol fractions | In vitro | Amari PhA: 4.27 μmol GAE/g Hallawi PhA: 0.38 μmol GAE/g Amari Fl: 1.37 μmol GAE/g Hallawi Fl: 0.43 μmol GAE/g |
- | All PhA and Fl fractions: ↓ Ferric ions, scavenge radicals, LDL oxidation via TBARS and lipid peroxide assays Only Fl fractions: ↑ Cholesterol removal from macrophages [36] |
| Date syrup derived-polyphenols | In vitro (HECV cells) |
60 and 600 μg/mL | - | ↓ IL-6, IL-8, VEGF ↓ COX-2 & VEGF induced by TNF-α at protein level and gene expression [67] |
| Date extract | In vitro (Human intestinal cells; Caco-2 cells) |
100 mg | - | Acts as a potent co-agonist ligand for FXR Regulates FXR-target gene expression in Caco-2 cells [68] |
| Dates | Male golden Syrian hamsters | Date pulp mixed with chow powder (1:1, w/w) | 13 weeks + HCD | ↓ Serum cholesterol, TG, LDL [69] |
| Date fruit suspension | Hyperlipidemic rats | 300 and 600 mg/kg | 8 weeks + HFHSM | 300 mg/kg: ↓ Serum cholesterol, TG, LDL, VLDL, C-HDL, LDL-HDL 600 mg/kg: ↓ TG, VLDL [70] |
| Date palm seed | CCl4-induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats | 1.0 g/kg | 4 weeks | ↓ AST, ALT, ALP, TBARS, NO, liver lesions ↑ SOD, GST [61] |
| Date palm seed | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | 1 g/kg/day | 4 weeks | ↓ ALT, AST, TBARS, NO ↑ SOD, GST, CAT [62] |
| Date extract | Ex vivo: DCFH-toxicated cardiomyoblast cells (H9C2) In vivo: IPS-injured Wistar rat heart tissues |
Ex vivo: 250 µg/mL In vivo: 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight |
- | Ex vivo: Attenuated cytotoxicity and enhanced H9C2 proliferation (40%) In vivo: ↑ CAT, SOD, NO, Bcl2 ↓ IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, MDA, caspase-3 and Bax [63] |
| Date pollen extract | Cadmium-induced testicular dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats | 40 mg kg−1 | 56 days | ↓ MDA ↑ Glutathione [64] |
| Dates | Doxorubicin-associated cardiotoxicity in rats | 1.4 g/kg | Single dose | ↑ Rate of rise in left ventricular pressure (dp/dtmax) and (dp/dtmin), glutathione ↓ QT interval, JT interval, and Tpeak-Tend interval [66] |
| Date extract | Induced myocardial infarction in rodents | 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight | 28 days | ↑ GSH, SOD, CAT ↓ TBARS, troponin-T, LDH, CK, and AST ↑ CD34 and CD133 positive progenitor cells Improved histopathological indices of MI [71] |
| Dates | Healthy participants (n = 10) |
100 g/day | 4 weeks | ↓TG, TBARS, and AAPH-induced serum lipid peroxidation ↑ PON1 aryl esterase activity [72] |
| Dates | Diabetic participants (n = 100) |
3 dates/day | 16 weeks | ↓ Total cholesterol Suggestive ↓ LDL [23] |
DPF: dried palm fruit; CCl4: carbon tetrachloride; DCFH: dichlorodihydrofluorescein; ISO: isoproterenol; HECV: human vascular endothelial cells; PhA: phenolic acids; Fl: flavonols; GAE: gallic acid equivalent; HCD: high-cholesterol diet; HFD: high-fat diet; HFHSM: high fat high sugar diet; ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; AAPH: 2,2′-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride; PON1: Paraoxonase 1; MDA: malondialdehyde; C: cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein; AST: aspartate transaminase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NO: nitric oxide; GSH: glutathione; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GST: glutathione S-transferase; CAT: catalase; IL-6: interleukin 6; IL-10: interleukin 10; TNF-α; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; Bcl2: B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax: bcl2-associated X protein; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; CPK: creatine phosphokinase; CK: creatinine kinase; CD: cluster of differentiation; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; FXR: farnesoid x receptor. a Includes cell, animal, and human clinical studies of known physiologically relevant measures related to cardiovascular health.