Figure 1.

The effects of subchronic MPTP administration on the GPR4 protein expression levels in the substantia nigra and striatum of the mouse brain. (a) Schematic representation of the treatment and behavioral study schedule for animal experiments. GPR4 protein expression and its densitometric analysis in (b) the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and (c) the striatum measured in tissue samples collected 3 days after the final MPTP administration. β-Actin expression levels used as an internal control. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test, was used to compare differences between groups. # p < 0.05 when the MPTP-treated group was compared with the vehicle-only group; * p < 0.05 when other treated groups were compared with the MPTP-treated group. p.o.: oral administration; i.p.: intraperitoneal; q.d.: once a day.