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Removal of R-loops. The formation of DNA:RNA hybrids are a common occurrence and pose a threat replication and to genome integrity. The removal of these R-loops is facilitated by the mono-ubiquitination of histone H2A (K119) by the E3 ligases MDM2 and RNF2 and by its timely deubiquitination by BAP1. It is this balanced ubiquitination of H2A that suppresses R-loop formation and minimizes genomic instability.
