Table 2.
Summary of pre-clinical examinations of EO inhalation on depression and anxiety-like symptoms in animal models.
| EO(s) Scientific Name (Common Name) | Author (Year) | Animal | Behaviour Outcome (a) | Secondary Outcome (b) | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lavandula | ||||||
| Lavandula angustifolia (Lavender) | Chioca et al. (2013) | Mice | MBT, OFT | (a) Increase in locomotor activity (b) - |
[30] | |
| Chioca et al. (2013) | Mice | EPM | 5-HT | (a) Increase in open arm timing (b) Increase of 5-HT level |
[31] | |
| Coelho et al. (2014) | Rats | CFT | c-Fos | (a) Decrease in freezing response (b) Increase in c-Fos expression |
[41] | |
| Sanchez-Vidana et al. (2019) | Rats | OFT, FST | DCX, BDNF | (a) Increase in locomotor activity; decrease in immobility timing (b) Increase in DCX expression and BDNF level |
[35] | |
| Citrus | ||||||
| Citrus limon (Lemon) | Komiya et al. (2006) | Mice | EPM, OFT FST | DA, 5-HT | (a) Increase in open arm timing and locomotor activity; decrease in immobility timing (b) Increase of 5-HT and DA levels |
[32] |
| Citrus sinensis (Sweet orange) | Hocayen et al. (2019) | Mice | MBT, OFT, Light/dark test | NADPH-d | (a) Increase in locomotor activity and spending time in bright area (b) Decrease of NADPH cells |
[42] |
| Other | ||||||
| Acorus gramineus (Japanese sweet flag) | Koo et al. (2003) | Mice | NADPH-d | (a) - (b) Decrease of NADPH cells |
[43] | |
| Perilla frutescens (Perilla) | Ji et al. (2014) | Mice | OFT, FST, TST | 5-HT, 5-HIAA | (a) Decrease in immobility timing (b) Increase of 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels |
[34] |
| Coriandrum sativum (Coriander) | Cioanca et al. (2014) | Rats | EPM, FST | GSH | (a) Increase in open arm timing; decrease in immobility timing (b) Increase of GSH |
[44] |
| Asarum caudatum (Asarum) | Park et al. (2015) | Mice | FST, TST | CRF, 5-HT | (a) Decrease in immobility timing (b) Decrease of CRF; increase of 5-HT level |
[45] |
| Rosa disambiguation (Rose) | Villareal et al. (2017) | Rats | EPM | (a) Increase in open arm timing (b) - |
[46] | |
| Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) | Villareal et al. (2017) | Mice | TST | DA, Cort | (a) Decrease in immobility timing (b) Decrease of serum Cort level and increase of brain DA levels |
[47] |
| Cananga odorata (Ylang ylang) | Zhang et al. (2018) | Mice | EPM | 5-HT | (a) Increase in open arm timing and locomotor activity (b) Increase of 5-HT level |
[33] |
Abbrev. FST = Forced swimming test; OFT = Open field test; TST = Tail suspension test; EPM = Elevated plus maze test; MBT = Marble burying test; CFT = Contextual fear-conditioning test; GSH = Glutathione; NADPH-d = Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase; CRF = Corticotropin-releasing factor; 5–HT = Serotonin; 5-HIAA = 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid; DA = Dopamine; BDNF = Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; DCX = Doublecortin; c-Fos = Cellular oncogene fos; Cort = corticosterone.