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. 2021 May 6;22(9):4943. doi: 10.3390/ijms22094943

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Outer membrane vesicles (OMV) biogenesis and biomedical applications. (1) The upper panel shows the structure of the OMV originating from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. In the other panels the wide range of OMV applications is depicted. In particular, (2) OMV can be used as an antigen discovery tool; (3) bacterial OMV are excellent vaccines since they trigger both humoral and cellular immune responses following the immunization; (4) OMV can be decorated on their surface with desired heterologous and homologous protein or saccharide antigens; (5) OMV can also function as cargo delivery of specific luminal recombinant antigens. LPS: lipopolysaccharide; OM: outer membrane; PG: peptidoglycan; IM: inner membrane.