Table 2.

Oral–gut microbiome axis in liver diseases.

Disease	Association with Oral and Gut Microbiomes	References
Chronic liver diseases	Association with gut microbiome
	• Gut dysbiosis in NAFLD	[149,150]
	• Gut dysbiosis in NASH	[151,152,153]
	• Gut dysbiosis in cirrhosis	[152]
	Gut–liver microbiome axis
	• Gut-to-liver translocation by biliary obstruction	[158,159]
	• Concomitant shifts in the biliary tract and gut microbiomes in gallstone patients	[160]
	Association with oral microbiome
	• Concomitant shifts in the oral and gut microbiomes in cirrhosis	[163]
	• Periodontitis was associated with NASH, NAFLD, and cirrhosis	[164,165,166,167]
	• Oral administration of P. gingivalis accelerated progression of NAFLD and NASH in high fat diet-fed mice	[170,171]
	Prevalence of oral microbiota
	• Colonization of oral bacteria in the gut of cirrhosis patients	[152]
HCC	Association with gut microbiome
	• Gut dysbiosis in HCC patients	[175]
	• Prevalence of E. coli and Fusobacteria in the gut microbiome of HCC patients with cirrhosis	[177,178]
	Association with oral microbiome
	• Altered oral microbiome in HCC patients	[183,184,185]
	• Prevalence of Fusobacterium and Oribacterium in the tongue microbiome of HCC patients with cirrhosis	[185]
	• Periodontitis was associate with advanced HCC stages	[186]
	Prevalence of oral microbiota
	• Prevalence of Fusobacterium in both oral and gut microbiomes of HCC patients with cirrhosis	[176,178,185]