Table 4.
Results of multivariate regression analysis (n = 813).
| Variables | Negative Emotions | Life Threat and Physical Arousal | Peritraumatic Distress | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | S.E. | Pr > |t| | Estimate | S.E. | Pr > |t| | Estimate | S.E. | Pr > |t| | |
| Intercept | −5.698 | 1.355 | < 0.0001 | −2.490 | 0.993 | 0.012 | −8.189 | 2.136 | 0.000 |
| Gender (Male, reference) | |||||||||
| Female | −0.044 | 0.326 | 0.894 | 0.172 | 0.239 | 0.472 | 0.128 | 0.513 | 0.803 |
| Age group (19–29, reference) | |||||||||
| 30–39 | 0.088 | 0.572 | 0.879 | −0.122 | 0.419 | 0.771 | −0.035 | 0.902 | 0.969 |
| 40–49 | −0.322 | 0.621 | 0.604 | −0.589 | 0.455 | 0.196 | −0.912 | 0.979 | 0.352 |
| 50–59 | −0.284 | 0.638 | 0.656 | −0.278 | 0.467 | 0.552 | −0.562 | 1.005 | 0.576 |
| Over 60’s | −0.433 | 0.660 | 0.512 | −0.768 | 0.484 | 0.113 | −1.201 | 1.041 | 0.249 |
| Educational attainment (Under high-school graduate, reference) | |||||||||
| College graduate | 1.236 | 0.392 | 0.002 | −0.084 | 0.287 | 0.770 | 1.152 | 0.618 | 0.063 |
| Graduate school or above | 1.126 | 0.549 | 0.041 | −0.062 | 0.403 | 0.877 | 1.064 | 0.866 | 0.220 |
| Marital status (Unmarried, reference) | |||||||||
| Married | −0.242 | 0.483 | 0.616 | 0.516 | 0.354 | 0.145 | 0.274 | 0.761 | 0.719 |
| Presence of cohabitant (No, reference) | |||||||||
| Yes | 0.574 | 0.525 | 0.274 | −0.543 | 0.385 | 0.159 | 0.032 | 0.827 | 0.969 |
| Presence of children aged ≤ 18 (No, reference) | |||||||||
| Yes | −0.398 | 0.491 | 0.418 | 0.081 | 0.360 | 0.821 | −0.316 | 0.774 | 0.683 |
| Monthly household equivalence income (Under USD 1714, reference) | |||||||||
| USD 1714–3427 | 0.618 | 0.424 | 0.146 | 0.267 | 0.311 | 0.121 | 0.885 | 0.669 | 0.186 |
| USD 3428–5142 | −0.351 | 0.575 | 0.542 | −0.359 | 0.421 | 0.739 | −0.710 | 0.906 | 0.434 |
| USD ≥5143 | 1.131 | 0.542 | 0.037 | −0.036 | 0.397 | 0.693 | 1.096 | 0.855 | 0.200 |
| Employment status (Full-time employees, reference) | |||||||||
| Part-time employees | −0.444 | 0.513 | 0.386 | −0.583 | 0.394 | 0.121 | −1.027 | 0.808 | 0.204 |
| Self-employed | 0.092 | 0.563 | 0.870 | 0.138 | 0.413 | 0.739 | 0.230 | 0.888 | 0.796 |
| Unemployed | 0.793 | 0.417 | 0.057 | −0.121 | 0.305 | 0.693 | 0.673 | 0.657 | 0.306 |
| Subjective health status (Bad, reference) | |||||||||
| Good | −0.585 | 0.327 | 0.074 | −0.967 | 0.240 | <0.0001 | −1.552 | 0.516 | 0.003 |
| No. of chronic diseases (0, reference) | |||||||||
| 1 | 0.056 | 0.420 | 0.894 | −0.021 | 0.308 | 0.946 | 0.035 | 0.662 | 0.958 |
| ≥2 | 1.308 | 0.587 | 0.026 | 0.658 | 0.430 | 0.126 | 1.967 | 0.925 | 0.034 |
| Mental health history (No, reference) | |||||||||
| Yes | 0.810 | 0.411 | 0.050 | 1.059 | 0.302 | 0.001 | 1.869 | 0.649 | 0.004 |
| Perceived susceptibility | 0.427 | 0.220 | 0.053 | 0.497 | 0.162 | 0.002 | 0.924 | 0.348 | 0.008 |
| Perceived severity | 0.500 | 0.209 | 0.017 | 0.529 | 0.153 | 0.001 | 1.029 | 0.329 | 0.002 |
| Fear of infection | 1.399 | 0.237 | <0.0001 | 1.477 | 0.174 | <0.0001 | 2.876 | 0.374 | <0.0001 |
| Fear of social stigma | 1.210 | 0.207 | <0.0001 | 0.559 | 0.152 | 0.000 | 1.769 | 0.327 | <0.0001 |
| Disruption of daily life | 0.017 | 0.007 | 0.021 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.206 | 0.024 | 0.011 | 0.04 |
| Financial problem | 0.806 | 0.172 | <0.0001 | 0.231 | 0.126 | 0.068 | 1.037 | 0.271 | 0.000 |
| Experience of COVID-19 (No, reference) | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.667 | 0.395 | <0.0001 | 1.052 | 0.289 | 0.000 | 2.719 | 0.622 | <0.0001 |
| Social support (No, reference) | |||||||||
| Yes | −0.817 | 0.567 | 0.151 | −0.526 | 0.415 | 0.206 | −1.340 | 0.893 | 0.134 |
| Media consumption (Less than 1 h per day, reference) | |||||||||
| ≥1 h per day | 1.100 | 0.370 | 0.003 | 1.091 | 0.271 | <0.0001 | 2.191 | 0.583 | 0.000 |