Table 1.
Summary of RBC templates used in the literature.
| Material | Shape | Size | E (Deformability) | Biological Functionality | Production Method | Production Rate | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PLGA | Biconcave discoidal | 7 ± 2 μm (diameter), around 2 μm (thickness) | E = 92.8 ± 42 kPa (high) | Yes | Electrohydrodynamic jetting | 1 g/h | [34] |
| PEG (hydrogel) | Discoidal | 8 ± 0.2 μm (diameter), 2 ± 0.1 μm (thickness) | (High) | No, but possible | Stop flow lithography | 0.01 g/h | [35] |
| HEA (hydrogel) | Discoidal | 5.2–5.9 μm (diameter), 1.22–1.54 μm (thickness) | E≥ 7.8 kPa (high) | No, but possible | PRINT® | - | [37] |
| PES | Spherical, slightly RBC-shaped | 10 μm | E ≈ 2.6 GPa (low) | No | Electrospraying (electrohydrodynamic) | - | [39] |
| TEGA (hydrogel) | Discoidal | 6.3 μm (diameter) × 1.8 μm (thickness) | E≥ 6.5 kPa (high) | Yes | PRINT® | - | [38] |
| PAH+GA | Biconcave discoidal (hollow) | 6.7 μm (diameter) × 2.8 μm (thickness) | E(capsule wall) ≥ 100 MPa (high) | Yes | Layer-by-Layer from solid template | - | [41] |
| PEG (hydrogel) | Spherical | 7–9 μm | 0.2 ≤E≤ 3.3 kPa (high) | No, but possible | Layer-by-Layer from porous template (also called mesoporous silica templating method) | - | [42] |
| HA | Spherical (hollow) | 7 μm | 8.3 ≤E≤ 24.5 kPa (high) | No, but possible | from solid template | - | [43] |
| HA | Spherical | 6–8 μm | 4.3 ≤E≤ 38.3 kPa (high) | No, but possible | from porous template | - | [43] |
| PMMA | Spherical | 6.32 ± 0.118 μm | 3 ≤E≤ 3.3 GPa (low) | No | Unknown (Spheromers® CA 6, Microbeads AS) | - | [50,54] |
| PMMA | Spherical | 10 μm | 3 ≤E≤ 3.3 GPa (low) | No | Unknown (Spheromers® CA 10, Microbeads AS) | - | [55] |
| PDMS (6:4) | Spherical | 7.13 ± 1.34 μm | E ≈ 1300 kPa (high) | No, but possible | Liquid-liquid flow-focusing with a hypodermic needle | 0.01 g/h | [44,45,46] |
| Chitosan | Concave | 7.4 ± 0.74 μm | E ≈ 9 MPa (low) | No, but possible | Electrospray with solvent diffusion | 0.01 g/h | [47] |
| GUV (lipid) | Spherical | 6.15 ± 1.24 μm | (High) | No | Lipid film hydration | 0.01 g/h | [49] |
| PDMS (30:1) | Spherical | 9.05 ± 2.5 μm | E ≈ 90 kPa (high) | No, but possible | Two syringe membrane emulsification | 1 g/h | [50] |
| PS | Spherical | 11.1 ± 0.208 μm | 3 ≤E≤ 3.3 GPa (low) | No | Unknown (Dynoseeds TS10 Microbeads® AS) | - | [50] |
| PLGA | Spherical | 9.23 ± 0.35 μm | E ≈ 4300 MPa (low) | No, but possible | 512-channel geometric droplet-splitting microfluidic device combined with a post array part | 1 g/h | [51] |
| Brij L4 surfactant (micelles) | Spherical | 7.72 ± 3.72 μm | (High) | No | Premix membrane emulsification | 1 g/h | [59] |
| PDMS (6:4) | Spherical | 7.1 ± 1.6 μm | E ≈ 1300 kPa (high) | No, but possible | Premix membrane emulsification | 1 g/h | [52] |