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. 2021 May 10;22(9):5038. doi: 10.3390/ijms22095038

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic representation of the 3 main types of liver-specific toxicity and corresponding in vitro assays. BA: bile acid; BODIPY 493/503: 4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7,8-pentamethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene 495/503; CCK8: cholecystokinin-octapeptide; CDFDA: 5(6)-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate; CLF: cholyl-lysyl-fluorescein; FA: fatty acid; MMPs: matrix metalloproteinases; HSC: hepatic stellate cell; Tauro-nor-THCA-24-DBD: tauro-nor-N-(24-[7-(4-N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole)]-amino-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-27-nor-5β-cholestan-26-oyl)-2′-aminoethanesulfonate; TCA: taurocholate; TIMPs: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases; α-SMA: alpha-smooth muscle actin.