Table 1.
Summary of MIP-based sensors with uric acid imprints: deposition methods, extraction of uric acid, the used evaluation methods, and interfering molecules.
| Ref. | MIP or MIT, Electrode | Deposition Method | Extraction of Uric Acid | Evaluation Methods | Linear Range | LOD | Interfering Molecules |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [24] | 2-amino-5-mercapto-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole (AMT) with reduced graphene oxide on GCE | Electrochemical: CV | With the ethanol solution for 30 min | TEM, AFM, The selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), SEM, XPS, CV, EIS, and DPV in presence of redox probe. | 0.01–100 μM | 0.0032 μM | Dopamine, epinephrine, adenine, xanthine, ascorbic acid, and glucose. |
| [23] | o-phenylenediamine with nanoporous gold leaf on GCE | Electrochemical: CV | In 0.2 M H2SO4 by CV, 20 cycles from −0.5 V to + 0.5 V at a scan rate of 100 mV/s. | SEM CV, EIS, and DPV in presence of redox probe. |
5.0–160 μM | 0.4 μM | Urea, ascorbic acid, glucose, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), epinephrine, norepinephrine. |
| [51] | TiO2 on QCM electrode | NPs of TiO2 formed by sol-gel hydrolysis of Ti(O-nBu)4, on electrode transferred by dipping in TiO2 with MIT containing solution | Drying at 80 °C for 2 h and then calcination in air at 350 °C for 3 h | Piezoelectricity | 0.04–45 μM | 0.01 μM | Ascorbic acid, urea, glucose, glutamic acid, purine, and cytosine |
| [26] | Graphene doped chitosan on GCE | Electrochemical: chronoamperometry | By CV, 40 cycles from 1.5 V to −1.0 V at a scan rate of 0.8 V/s in 0.1 M PBS. | SEM, FTIR, CV, EIS, chronocoulometry, in presence of redox probe. | 0.02–10.0 μM | - | Ascorbic acid, dopamine, and urea. |
| [74] | Poly-methacrylic acid (PMAA) on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on GCE | MIP particles formed by chemical polymerization, a certain amount of MIP particles dropped on electrode and evaporated the solvent | Methanol/water (3:1, v:v) | SEM, CV, linear sweep voltammetry, chronoamperometry. | 80–500 μM | 22 μM | Ascorbic acid. |
| [75] | Methacrylate, on carbon paste electrode | MIP particles formed by thermal polymerization, MIP particles mixed with graphite and eicosane to form a carbon paste |
MIP particles washed for nine times using 50 mL, 0.1 N HCl and ethanol mixture (1:1 v/v) with stirring for 4 h. |
FTIR, CV, differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV), EIS | 0.5–100 μM | 0.1 μM | Glucose, glycine, tryptophan, and ascorbic acid. |
| [14] | Carbon-entrapped nickel NPs (Ni@BC) coated with polydopamine, on GCE | Electrochemical: CV | The methanol/acetic acid solution (9:1, v/v) for 5 min. | XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS DPV |
0.01–30 μM | 0.008 μM | Ascorbic acid, dopamine, glutamic acid, arginine, glucose, sucrose, adenine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, guanine, and allantoin. |
| [76] | [poly(melamine-co-chloranil), on HMDE | Chemical polymerization of MIP, on HDME coated chronoamperometrically | Hot water, 80 °C | IR Differential pulse, cathodic stripping voltammetric (DPCSV) |
0.015–2.75 μM | 0.005 μM | Caffeine, theophylline, xanthine, hypoxanthine, allantoin, cytosine, glucose, thiourea, ascorbic acid, adenine, urea, histidine, uracil, and cytosine. |
| [77] | [poly(melamine-co-chloranil), on HMDE | Chemical polymerization of MIP, on HDME coated chronoamperometrically | Hot water, 80 °C | Differential pulse, cathodic stripping voltammetric (DPCSV), CV |
0.65–23.8 μM | 0.14 μM | Caffeine, theophylline, xanthine, hypoxanthine, allantoin, cytosine, glucose, thiourea, ascorbic acid, adenine, urea, histidine, uracil and cytosine. |
| [78] | poly(melamine-co-chloranil), brush grafted to tetraethoxysilane derived sol-gel thin film graphite electrode | Chemical polymerization of MIP; sol-gel of SiO4 in presence of MIP: spin coated on electrode | Hot water, 80 °C | SEM, IR, Differential pulse, cathodic stripping voltammetric (DPCSV). |
87–1000 μM | 24 μM | Caffeine, theophylline, xanthine, hypoxanthine, allantoin, cytosine, glucose, thiourea, ascorbic acid, adenine, urea, histidine, uracil, and cytosine. |
| [12] | Polypyrrole on EQCM electrode | Electrochemical: chronoamperometrically | PBS, for 30 min, at 1 mL/min of HPLC pump. | Piezoelectricity | 0.1–1 mM | – | Caffeine, glucose. |
| [79] | Fe3O4@C modified with molecularly imprinted TiO2 on the magnetic GCE | Sol-gel hydrolysis TiO2 on electrode transferred by dipping in TiO2 with MIT containing solution | Multiple extractions (n = 8, extraction time 10 min) with 10 mL hot water (ca. 80 °C). |
Photocurrent response, XRD, CV, TEM | 0.3–34 μM | 0.02 μM | Ascorbic acid, glutamic acid, cytosine, glucose, purine, and urea. |
| [80] | hyperbranched polymer (dendrimer) with dispersed GNPs-fMWCNTs on the PGE | Free radical polymerization of MIP particles, that were spin coated on the PGE | TEA-methanol (1:1, v/v) | SEM, DPASV | 0.01–0.27 μM | 0.0023 μM | Ascorbic acid, epinephrine, dopamine, L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan, creatinine, creatine, serotonine, glycine, glutamic acid, glucose, urea. |
| [81] | Imprinted zeotlite on GCE | Hydrothermal synthesis of zeolite. Zeolite on electrode transferred by potential cycling. | Warm water | XRD, FTIR, voltammetry | 5.6–28 nM | 5.9 nM | Ascorbic acid, creatine, and creatinine |
GCE—glassy carbon electrode; GNPs-fMWCNTs—gold NPs functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes; HMDE—hanging mercury drop electrode; PGE—pencil graphite electrode; SEM—scanning electron microscopy.