Table 1.

Clinicopathological characteristics of patients (n = 459)

Variables	Training Cohort			Validation Cohort (n = 157)	P (Training Cohort vs Validation Cohort)
	Total (n = 302)	POPF (n = 50)	No-POPF (n = 252)
Age (years)	56.47 ± 11.17	56.74 ± 11.94	56.42 ± 11.03	57.42 ± 10.77	0.380
BMI (kg/m2)	22.39 ± 2.78	23.39 ± 2.78	22.21 ± 2.75	22.34 ± 3.02	0.873
Sex					0.763
Female	121	18	103	60
Male	181	32	149	97
Smoking					0.999
Yes	92	16	76	48
No	210	34	176	109
Drinking					0.128
Yes	76	12	64	29
No	226	38	188	128
Biliary drainage					0.403
Yes	31	3	28	12
No	271	47	224	145
Diabetes					0.183
Yes	43	3	40	15
No	259	47	212	142
Hypertension					0.362
Yes	55	8	47	23
No	247	42	205	134
Epigastric operation history					0.704
Yes	57	13	44	27
No	245	37	208	130
Total bilirubin (μmol/L)	28.80 (14.75–148.10)	35.00 (10.20–168.13)	26.70 (13.13–147.85)	17.80 (10.85–151.20)	0.204
Albumin (g/L)	39.16 ± 3.82	39.90 ± 3.98	39.02 ± 3.73	39.51 ± 4.41	0.369
White blood cell (1012/L)	5.77 ± 1.60	5.76 ± 1.48	5.77 ± 1.61	5.75 ± 1.83	0.927
Platelet count (109/L)	231.12 ± 84.20	239.12 ± 99.49	229.53 ± 89.95	242.77 ± 77.58	0.149
Operative time (min)					0.768
> 300 min	144	27	117	72
≤ 300 min	158	23	135	85
Pancreas duct size					0.555
> 3 mm	160	31	111	79
≤ 3 mm	142	19	141	18
Surgical procedure					0.526
Minimally invasive	58	9	49	26
Laparotomy	224	41	203	131
Pancreas texture					0.768
Soft	141	33	108	71
Hard	161	17	144	86
Pathology					0.207
Malignant tumour	212	29	183	101
Other	90	21	69	56
Tumour location					0.605
Pancreatic head	222	35	187	126
Duodenal papilla	35	6	29	13
Distal bile duct	19	3	16	8
Ampulla	19	5	14	8
Other	7	1	6	2
Data on POD 1
White blood cell (1012/L)	12.97 ± 4.00	12.41 ± 4.43	13.08 ± 3.91	13.16 ± 4.23	0.636
Platelet count (109/L)	180.03 ± 60.57	169.68 ± 58.15	182.08 ± 60.95	187.15 ± 64.74	0.244
AD (g/L)	10.81 ± 4.22	12.94 ± 4.65	10.39 ± 4.00	10.77 ± 4.13	0.913
Drain amylase value (U/L)	243.5 (54.00–1436.8)	932.5 (347.00.00–6091.00)	169.50 (43.25–984.75)	242.00 (49.00–1502.00)	0.907