Figure 8.

Reduction in the number of root galls in M. incognita (M.i)-infested plants after being exposed to pure volatiles, i.e., methyl isovalerate (MIV) and 2-undecanone (2-UD), up to 40 days was observed visually in pot experiments. (A) The effect of volatiles on root length and reduction in root gall in an infested plant (M.i) after being exposed to volatiles. (B) Graphical information of root gall reduction in the term of root gall index in infested plant pre-exposed to MIV and 2-UD. The error bar represents the mean standard deviation of each treatment repeated three times with three replicates. The small letters above the columns indicate significant difference. The significant difference between different treatments was calculated through Tukey’s HSD test at p ≤ 0.05.