. 2021 May 17;30(10):2895–2906. doi: 10.1007/s11136-021-02864-8

Table 2.

Weighted mean CHU-9D utility scores for demographic groups

Demographic group	Male					Female					Total
Demographic group	n(%)^a	Mean	SD	95% CI	Effect size/statistics^d	n(%)^a	Mean	SD	95% CI	Effect size/statistics^d	n(%)^a	Mean	SD	95% CI	Effect size/statistics^d
Family type
Two-parent family^e	1165 (75.9)	0.81	0.18	0.80–0.82	Cohen’s d = 0.19 p < 0.01	1081 (76.1)	0.77	0.21	0.76–0.78	Cohen’s d = 0.22 p < 0.005	2246 (76.0)	0.79	0.19	0.78–0.80	Cohen’s d = 0.20 p < 0.001
Non-two-parent family^f	365 (24.1)	0.78	0.18	0.76–0.80	Cohen’s d = 0.19 p < 0.01	356 (23.9)	0.73	0.23	0.70–0.75	Cohen’s d = 0.22 p < 0.005	721 (24.0)	0.75	0.21	0.74–0.77	Cohen’s d = 0.20 p < 0.001
Remoteness
Major cities	973 (61.6)	0.80	0.18	0.79–0.82	p = 0.82^d	950 (64.3)	0.75	0.21	0.74–0.77	p = 0.28^d	1923 (62.9)	0.78	0.20	0.77–0.79	p = 0.26
Inner regional	398 (27.1)	0.81	0.17	0.79–0.82		354 (25.4)	0.77	0.21	0.75–0.80		752 (26.3)	0.79	0.19	0.77–0.81
Outer regional	132 (9.5)	0.81	0.16	0.79–0.84		111 (8.8)	0.78	0.21	0.74–0.81		243 (9.2)	0.80	0.19	0.78–0.82
Remote	27 (1.8)	0.78	0.20	0.70–0.85		22 (1.6)	0.71	0.20	0.65–0.78		49 (1.7)	0.75	0.20	0.69–0.81
IRSD quintile^c
Lowest	258 (17.8)	0.82	0.18	0.79–0.84	p = 0.63	215 (15.7)	0.74	0.24	0.70–0.77	p = 0.53	473 (16.8)	0.78	0.21	0.76–0.80	p = 0.96
Second quintile	284 (19.8)	0.80	0.20	0.77–0.84		270 (18.9)	0.76	0.21	0.74–0.78		554 (19.4)	0.78	0.21	0.76–0.80
Third quintile	267 (17.5)	0.81	0.18	0.79–0.83		276 (19.4)	0.76	0.21	0.73–0.78		543 (18.4)	0.78	0.19	0.76–0.80
Fourth quintile	343 (22.3)	0.80	0.17	0.79–0.82		333 (23.2)	0.77	0.20	0.75–0.80		676 (22.7)	0.79	0.19	0.77–0.80
Highest	378 (22.7)	0.81	0.17	0.79–0.83		343 (22.8)	0.76	0.20	0.74–0.79		721 (22.7)	0.79	0.19	0.77–0.80
Equivalised annual household income (pre-tax)^b
< $20,000	274 (20.2)	0.80	0.19	0.78–0.83	p = 0.68	272 (21.2)	0.76	0.22	0.73–0.79	p = 0.61	546 (20.7)	0.78	0.21	0.76–0.80	p = 0.62
$20,000—$32,999	306 (22.4)	0.82	0.18	0.79–0.84		272 (20.2)	0.76	0.20	0.74–0.79		578 (21.3)	0.79	0.19	0.78–0.81
$33,000—$44,999	241 (15.5)	0.81	0.19	0.78–0.83		244 (17.0)	0.77	0.21	0.74–0.80		485 (16.2)	0.79	0.20	0.77–0.81
$45,000—$66,999	357 (21.8)	0.80	0.17	0.78–0.83		334 (22.6)	0.74	0.22	0.71–0.76		691 (22.2)	0.77	0.20	0.76–0.79
≥ $67,000	277 (16.3)	0.80	0.16	0.78–0.82		246 (15.2)	0.77	0.21	0.74–0.80		523 (15.8)	0.79	0.19	0.77–0.80
Highest level of education attained by either carer
Bachelor degree or higher	582 (37.4)	0.80	0.17	0.78–0.82	p = 0.85	552 (37.6)	0.76	0.20	0.74–0.78	p = 0.87	1134 (37.5)	0.78	0.19	0.77–0.79	p = 0.81
Diploma or Certificate III/IV	628 (41.2)	0.81	0.18	0.79–0.82		574 (40.4)	0.76	0.22	0.74–0.78		1202 (40.8)	0.78	0.20	0.77–0.79
Year 12 or below	320 (21.4)	0.81	0.18	0.79–0.83		311 (22.0)	0.77	0.23	0.74–0.79		631 (21.7)	0.79	0.21	0.77–0.81
Carer work force participation
Both carers employed	870 (55.1)	0.82	0.17	0.80–0.83	p < 0.05	789 (54.8)	0.77	0.20	0.75–0.78	p = 0.24	1659 (55.0)	0.79	0.19	0.78–0.80	p < 0.05
One carer employed, one carer not in employment or no secondary carer	495 (33.4)	0.79	0.19	0.77–0.81		497 (34.5)	0.75	0.22	0.73–0.77		992 (34.0)	0.77	0.21	0.76–0.79
No carer employed	165 (11.5)	0.79	0.18	0.76–0.82		151 (10.7)	0.74	0.23	0.70–0.80		316 (11.1)	0.77	0.21	0.74–0.79
Carer drinking frequency
No carer drinks more frequently than ‘once per month or less’	396 (26.3)	0.81	0.18	0.79–0.82	Cohen’s d = 0.003 p = 0.96	341 (24.4)	0.78	0.20	0.76–0.80	Cohen’s d = 0.12 p = 0.07	737 (25.4)	0.79	0.19	0.79–0.81	Cohen’s d = 0.07 p = 0.15
At least one carer drinks more frequently than ‘once per month or less’	1134 (73.8)	0.81	0.18	0.79–0.82	Cohen’s d = 0.003 p = 0.96	1096 (75.6)	0.75	0.22	0.74–0.77	Cohen’s d = 0.12 p = 0.07	2230 (74.6)	0.78	0.20	0.77–0.79	Cohen’s d = 0.07 p = 0.15
Carer smoking status
No carer currently smokes	1105 (71.1)	0.81	0.18	0.80–0.82	Cohen’s d = 0.03 p = 0.61	1069 (73.5)	0.76	0.21	0.75–0.78	Cohen’s d = 0.08 p = 0.24	2174 (72.3)	0.79	0.19	0.78–0.80	Cohen’s d = 0.05 p = 0.28
At least one carer currently smokes	425 (28.9)	0.80	0.18	0.78–0.82	Cohen’s d = 0.03 p = 0.61	368 (26.5)	0.75	0.22	0.72–0.77	Cohen’s d = 0.08 p = 0.24	793 (27.7)	0.78	0.20	0.76–0.79	Cohen’s d = 0.05 p = 0.28
Mental disorder diagnostic status of carer(s)
No carer ever been diagnosed	824 (53.7)	0.82	0.17	0.80–0.83	Cohen’s d = 0.12 p < 0.05	782 (53.7)	0.78	0.19	0.77–0.80	Cohen’s d = 0.22 p < 0.001	1606 (53.7)	0.80	0.18	0.79–0.81	Cohen’s d = 0.17 p < 0.001
At least one carer has had a previous diagnosis	706 (46.3)	0.79	0.18	0.78–0.81	Cohen’s d = 0.12 p < 0.05	655 (46.3)	0.73	0.23	0.72–0.75	Cohen’s d = 0.22 p < 0.001	1361 (46.3)	0.77	0.21	0.75–0.78	Cohen’s d = 0.17 p < 0.001

n number in sample, CHU-9D child health utility instrument nine-dimensions, SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval

^an refers to sample size, % refers to proportion in population with population weights applied

^bEquivalised household annual pre-tax income refers to total household income adjusted for the size and composition of the household, calculated using an equivalence factor based on the Modified OECD equivalence scale

^cLowest quintile represents the most disadvantaged

^dAdjusted-Wald test using Bonferroni adjustment

^eRefers to the following categories within the survey responses: two biological parent nuclear family; two biological parent family+other relative; other two parent family

^fRefers to the following categories within the survey responses: sole parent family; other family