TABLE 1.

Suppression of inflammatory cytokines by withanolides and Withania somnifera extracts in several study models.

No	Intervention	Model	Cytokines	References
1	Withaferin A	Macrophages (RAW 264.7)	IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23, and TNF-α	Neog, Sultana, and Rasool (2018)
2	Withaferin A	Monocytes (THP-1)	IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-18 B Pα, IL-13, IL-23, IL-33, IL-34, IP-10, GM-CSF, PDFG-AA, CCL2/mcp-1, CCL17/TARC, SDF1α/CXCL12, CCL20/mip-3α, KLK3, angiopoientin-1, IGFBP-2, TFF3, BAFF, BDNF, FLT3LG, IGFBP-3, ACRP30/adiponectin, GH, leptin, LIF, SHBG, aggrecan, angiogenin, HGF, NGAL, TSP-1, and CST3	Dubey et al. (2018)
3	Withaferin A	Murine bone marrow-derived macrophages	IL-6 and TNF-α	Noh et al. (2016)
4	Withaferin A	Murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells	IL-1β	Kim et al. (2015)
5	WS root aqueous extract	Serum of collagen-induced arthritic rat	IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α	M. A. Khan et al. (2018)
6	Withaferin A	Synovial macrophages of arthritic rat	IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α, and VEGF	Sultana, Neog, and Rasool (2017)
7	WS extract as dietary supplement	LPS and Con-A induced spleen lymphocytes of rats	TNF-α	Yamada et al. (2011)
8	Withaferin A	Lung tissues of mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis	IL-1β and TNF-α	Bale et al. (2018b)
9	WS root powder	Serum and ascitic fluid of pristane-induced mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus	IL-6, NO, ROS, and TNF-α	Minhas et al. (2012)
10	WS root hydro-methanolic extract	Healthy mice	TNF-α	L Davis and Kuttan (1999)
11	WS root and leaves aqueous and ethanolic extract	Guinea pigs infected with E. coli	TNF-α	El-Boshy et al. (2013)
12	WS root ethanolic extract	PBMCs of healthy individuals and patients with rheumatoid arthritis	IL-1β, IL-12, and TNF-α	Singh D. et al. (2007)
13	WS root ethanolic extract	Macrophages (RAW 264.7)	NO	Singh D. et al. (2007)