Table 1.
The prevalence of optical coherence tomography angiography artifacts
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| Authors | Design | Studied group | Artifacts reported | Device type and Software version |
| Chen et al, 2016[19] | Prospective observational study | Normal Retinal diseases Glaucoma | Motion (100%) Fringe washout (100%) Projection (100%) Masking and unmasking (100%) Stromal decorrelation signal (100%) Retinal vessels duplication (5%) | RTVue XR Avanti system (Optovue Inc., CA, US) |
| Ghasemi Falavarjani et al, 2016[13] | Retrospective observational study | Age-related macular degeneration Diabetic retinopathy Retinal vascular occlusions | Band (89.4%) Segmentation (61.4%) Motion (49.1%) Unmasking (15.8%) Blink (8.8%) Doubling of the retinal vessels (1.7%) Out of window (1.7%) Masking (1.7%) Projection (0.0%) Stretch artifacts (0.0%) Crisscross (0.0%) | Topcon OCT instrument (DRI OCT Triton plus, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). |
| Al-Sheikh et al, 2017[23] | Prospective comparative study | Healthy subjects | Band (17.64–70.58%) Segmentation (5.8–11.6%) Motion (5.8%) Projection (0–47.05%) | DRI OCT Triton, TOPCON Inc., Tokyo, Japan |
| Say et al, 2017[20] | Observational study | Treated unilateral posterior uveal melanoma and fellow eye | Loss of focus (55%) Broad blink lines (37%) Motion (26%) Specular dot (25%) Edge duplication (8%) | The Optovue RTVue XR AVANTI, version 2014.2.0.13 |
| Holmen et al, 2019[15] | Cross-sectional study | Diabetic retinopathy | Eye movement (93.1%) Defocus (74.9%) Shadow (62.3%) Tilt (50.5%) Z offset (43.8%) Refraction shift (31.8%) Segmentation (24.6%) Decentration (21.4%) Projection (6.7%) Blink (1%) Stretch artifact (1%) Edge duplication (1%) Loss of signal (1%) | CIRRUS HD-OCT 5000, with the AngioPlex module, version 10.0.0.13424 or the Optovue Avanti RTVue XR, version 2018.0.0.5). |
| Enders et al, 2019[21] | Prospective observational study | Healthy subjects Neovascular age-related macular degeneration Diabetic retinopathy Retinal vascular occlusions | Projection (100%) Segmentation (55%) Motion (49%) Masking (45%) Band (43%) Blink (28%) Window artifact (8%) Vessel doubling (0.0%) Stretch artifacts (0.0%) | Spectral domain OCT Cirrus 5000 equipped with the AngioPlex module) |
| Iftikhar et al, 2019[16] | Prospective cross-sectional study | Multiple Sclerosis Healthy subjects | Motion (96.3%) Blink (51.9%) Loss of focus (25.1%) | SpectralisⓇ OCT-A prototype, OCT2 (Heidelberg, Germany) |
| Eastline et al, 2019[68] | Prospective observational study | Healthy eyes | Displacement artefact (96.34%) Shadowing (92.27%) White line artefacts (63.41%) Vessel doubling (35.37%). | PLEX Elite 9000 scanner (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA). central 3 * 3 and 12 * 12 mm scans of the four quadrants (wide field) |
| Weijing et al, 2020[17] | Retrospective observational study | Glaucomatous eyes Healthy eyes | Projection (100%) Motion (75.22%) Blink (2.62%) Stretching (0.87%) Blurred images (24.78%) Decentration (21.28%) Vignetting (2.04%) Unmasking (0.87%) Segmentation (1.17%) Out of window (0.29%) Vessel doubling (0.58%) | N/A |
| Bontzos et al, 2020[69] | Prospective observational study | Eyes with idiopathic Epiretinal membranes Healthy eyes | Segmentation (0% in healthy eyes, 64.1% in ERM patients) Motion (7.5 % in healthy eyes, 53.8 % in ERM patients) | AngioVue, RTVue XR Avanti SD-OCT, Optovue Software version: 2016.2.0.35 |