TABLE 2.
Examples of current clinical trials for T‐cell therapies, grouped by indication and cell type
| Cell type | GM | Receptor type | Target | Source | Indication | Name (Sponsor) | Route | Payload | Trial number | Other trials and/or notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer (n = 683) | ||||||||||
| T cell | No | TAA | NY‐ESO‐1, MAGE‐A4, PRAME, survivin, and/or SSX | Autologous | Lymphoma | N/A (Baylor College of Medicine) | IV | N/A |
(Phase 1) |
NCT03192462 (Phase 1/2), NCT02239861 (Phase 1), NCT03093350 (Phase 2) |
| T cell | No | Virus specific | EBV | Autologous | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | N/A (Tessa Therapeutics) | IV | N/A |
(Phase 3) |
None |
| T cell | Yes | CAR | CEA | Autologous | Liver metastasis | Anti‐CEA CAR‐T (Sorrento Therapeutics) | Hepatic artery | N/A |
(Phase 2/3) |
NCT03818165 (Phase 1), NCT02850536 (Phase 1), NCT03682744 (Phase 1) |
| T cell | Yes | CAR | CD19, CD20 | Autologous | Leukemia, lymphoma | CD20‐CD19 cCAR (iCell Gene Therapeutics) | IV | N/A |
(Phase 1) |
Dual CAR‐T |
| T cell | Yes | CAR | BCMA | Autologous | Multiple myeloma | bb2121 (Celgene) | IV | N/A |
(Phase 3) |
NCT03361748 (Phase 2), NCT03601078 (Phase 2), NCT02658929 (Phase 1), NCT04196491 (Phase 1) |
| T cell | Yes | CAR | CD19 | Allogeneic | Lymphoma | CTX 110 (CRISPR Therapeutics) | IV | N/A |
(Phase 1/2) |
CRISPR/Cas9 edited |
| T cell | Yes | TCR | MAGE‐A10 | Autologous | Urothelial carcinoma | MAGE‐A10c796T (Adaptimmune) | IV | N/A |
(Phase 1) |
NCT02592577 (Phase 1) |
| T cell | Yes | TCR | HPV | Autologous | Oropharyngeal cancer | E7 TCR T (National Cancer Institute) | IT | N/A |
(Phase 2) |
NCT04476251 (Early Phase 1), NCT02858310 (Phase 1/2), NCT04015336 (Phase 2) |
| T cell | Yes | CAR | CD19 | Autologous | Leukemia, lymphoma | N/A (Uppsala University) | IV | N/A |
(Phase 2) |
Third‐generation CAR |
| T cell | Yes | CAR | GPC3 | Autologous | Solid tumors | AGAR T Cells (Baylor College of Medicine) | IV | iCas9 suicide gene, IL‐15 secretion |
(Phase 1) |
None |
| T cell | Yes | TCR | HA‐1 | Allogeneic | Leukemia | N/A (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center) | IV | Suicide gene |
(Phase 1) |
None |
| T cell (TIL) | No | N/A | N/A | Autologous | Renal cell carcinoma | Nivo‐TIL (Nantes University Hospital, Bristol Meyers Squibb) | IV | N/A |
(Phase 1) |
None |
| T cell | No | TAA | WT1 | Allogeneic | Leukemia | WT1‐CTL (Atara Biotherapeutics) | IV | N/A |
(Phase 1) |
None |
| T cell | Yes | CAR | IL13Rα2 | Autologous | Glioblastoma | N/A (City of Hope Medical Center) | IT, IC, IVN | CD19t suicide gene |
(Phase 1) |
NCT04510051 (Phase 1), NCT04003649 (Phase 1) Second‐generation CAR |
| T cell | Yes | TCR | CD19 | Autologous | Lymphoma | ET1901 ARTEMIS™ (Eureka Therapeutics) | IV | N/A |
(Phase 1) |
Novel TCR |
| Transplant‐related diseases (n = 63) | ||||||||||
| T cell | No | Virus‐specific | CMV, EBV, ADV | Allogeneic | Viral infection | N/A (University of Pittsburgh) | IV | N/A |
(Phase 1/2) |
None |
| T cell (Treg) | No | N/A | N/A | Allogeneic | GvHD | TREG2015001 (European Commission) | IV | N/A |
(Phase 1/2) |
None |
| T cell | No | TCR | EBV | Allogeneic | EBV‐associated post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease | Tabelecleucel (Atara Biotherapeutics) | IV | N/A |
NCT03392142 (Phase 3) |
NCT03769467 (Phase 1/2), NCT03394365 (Phase 3) |
| Infectious diseases (n = 24) | ||||||||||
| T cell | No | Virus‐specific | HIV | Autologous | Viral infection | HXTC (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill) | IV | N/A |
(Phase 1) |
None |
| T cell | Yes | CAR | HIV | Autologous | Viral infection | N/A (Guangzhou 8th People's Hospital) | IV | N/A |
(Phase 1) |
NCT03980691 (Phase 1) |
| T cell | No | Virus‐specific | SARS‐CoV‐2 | Allogeneic | Viral infection | N/A (Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati) | IV | N/A |
(Phase 1) |
None |
| Autoimmune diseases (n = 12) | ||||||||||
| T cell (Treg) | No | N/A | N/A | Allogeneic | Type I diabetes | N/A (Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University) | IV | N/A |
(Phase 1/2) |
NCT02932826 (Phase 1/2) Cord blood‐derived |
| Non‐autoimmune inflammatory diseases (n = 3) | ||||||||||
| T cell (Treg) | No | N/A | N/A | Autologous | Crohn's disease | TR004 (King's College London) | IV | N/A |
(Phase 1/2) |
None |
| Other (n = 19) | ||||||||||
| T cell | Yes | CAR | BCMA | Autologous | Myasthenia gravis | Descartes‐08 (Cartesian Therapeutics) | IV | N/A |
(Phase 1/2) |
NCT03448978 (Phase 1/2) |
| T cell (Treg, Th2) | No | N/A | N/A | Autologous | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | RAPA‐501 (Rapa Therapeutics) | IV | N/A |
(Phase 1/2) |
Rapamycin resistant |
Abbreviations: Cell Subtypes: CAR, chimeric antigen receptor; TAA, tumor‐associated antigen; TCR, T‐cell receptor; TIL, tumor‐infiltrating lymphocyte; Treg, regulatory T cell; Th2, T helper cell type 2. Targets: ADA, adenosine deaminase; ADV, adenovirus; BCMA, B‐cell maturation antigen; Bcl11a, B‐cell leukemia/lymphoma 11a; CMV, cytomegalovirus; CD, cluster of differentiation; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CCR5, C‐C chemokine receptor type 5; EBV, Epstein Barr virus; GPC3, glypican 3; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; HA‐1, minor histocompatibility antigen; HPV, human papillomavirus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IL13Ra2, IL‐13 receptor alpha 2; MAGEA4, melanoma‐associated antigen 4; MAGE‐A10, melanoma‐associated antigen 10; NY‐ESO‐1, New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma‐1; NKG2DL, natural killer group 2D ligand; PRAME, preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma; Rev, regulator of expression of virion proteins; SSX, synovial sarcoma X chromosome breakpoint; SARS‐CoV‐2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Tat, transactivator of expression; WT1, Wilms tumor antigen 1. Indications: GvHD, graft versus host disease. Routes: IV, intravenous; IT, intratumoral; IC, intracavitary; IVN, intraventricular. Payloads: iCas9, inducible caspase 9; CD19t, truncated CD19.