FIGURE 9.

Molecular signal pathways involved in mitochondrial therapy on CCl₄ induced liver injury. (a) WB bonds of ATF5 and HSP60. (b and c) Respective ratio of the gray value of ATF‐5 and HSP60 to β‐actin. (d) The mechanism of mitochondrial therapy. Mitochondria stress was induced once entering cells, and then activated the UPR^mt pathway, a mitochondria‐nuclear retrograde signal, to promote gene transcription and expression of a series of protective proteins and enzymes, including anti‐oxidant enzyme, OXPHOS‐related proteins, biotransformation enzymes, proteostasis, and autophagy‐related proteins