Humoral immune responses. (A) Timeline of immunization, sample collection, and challenge experiments. BALB/c mice were i.n. immunized twice in a 4-wk interval. Groups included soluble H3, GP-H3, GP-H3/CpG, and H3+CpG mix. Naïve mice were used as controls. (B and C) Aic-specific IgG endpoint titers in mice prime and boost sera, respectively. (D and E) HAI and neutralization titers in mouse boost sera. (F and G) Optical density (OD) values at 450 nm for diluted nasal washes and BALF samples to detect mucosal IgA by ELISA. (H) OD values at 450 nm for diluted BALF samples to detect mucosal IgG. The data are presented as mean ± SEM. The statistical significance was analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test, comparing the mean of each group with the mean of the H3 group (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001; ns represents no significance, P > 0.05).