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. 2021 Mar 31;2(1):180–192. doi: 10.1089/neur.2020.0058

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© Donald V. Bradshaw Jr et al., 2021; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (CC-BY) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.

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FIG. 3. — Neuroinflammation is significantly increased in the corpus callosum (CC) after blast exposure. (A–D) Immunohistochemistry to detect glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in astrocytes and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1) as a marker of microglia/macrophages. Confocal microscope images of coronal CC sections from Thy1-YFP-16 mice at 3 days after repetitive sham procedures (rSham; A,B) or repetitive blast exposure (rBlast; C,D). Astrocytes (pseudocolored white) and microglia/macrophages (red) have thicker processes with more intense immunoreactivity in rBlast mice as compared with rShams. Nuclear stain 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) shown in blue. (E,F) The rBlast exposure significantly increased immunoreactivity for GFAP (E) and IBA1 (F). (G,H) Representative confocal images showing IBA1+ cells as examples of resting state morphology with an elongated cell body and numerous processes (G) or activated morphology with a more rounded and intensely immunolabeled cell body and processes (H). (I) rBlast exposure significantly increases the number of IBA1+ cells in the CC. Values are mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Student's t test was used to compare between groups. GFAP groups include rSham, n = 7; rBlast, n = 8. IBA1 groups include rSham, n = 6; rBlast, n = 7. Scale bars = 20 μm (A–D) and 5 μm (G,H).