Table 2.

List of non-COVID-19 vaccines available for elderly population.

Vaccine name	Formulation	Immune response	Schedule	Refs
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (Pneumovac23)	T cell independent antigen response.	It generates IgM dominated antibody response but lacks immunological memory.	Suboptimal response of Pneumovac23 in the elder individual requires repeated booster.	[103]
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar13)	Carrier protein conjugated with capsular polysaccharide.	T cell dependent response, opsanophagocytic antibody production.	A prime boost strategy by priming with Prevnar13 and boosting with pneumovac23 is recommended in elderly.	[104]
Shingles vaccine (Zostavax)	Comprising of at least 2000 PFU of highly potent live attenuated varicella zoster virus (oka strain)	Induces T cell and antibody response with moderate efficacy.	Cellular immunity increases with booster dose which was given more than 10 years after the first dose.	[130,131]
Shingles Subunit zoster vaccine (Shingrix)	Recombinant vaccine contains viral glycoprotein E along with ASO1 based liposomal adjuvant.	Generates T cell and humoral response and induces robust memory response.	Cellular immunity increases with booster dose which was given more than 10 years after the first dose.	[85,91]
Influenza trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV)	TIV contains antigens from two influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2) and one influenza B (Victoria/Yamagata) strains and MF59 as adjuvant.	It efficaciously prevented hospitalizations due to flu and generates robust T cell response in elderly (≥ 65 years).	Due to antigenic drift, annual vaccination schedule was adapted.	[132,133]
Influenza (H1N1/pdm2009)	Contains H1N1 antigen along with ASO3 as adjuvant.	Provides higher antigen-sparing capacity. It generates higher HAI titer values compared to whole-virion vaccine.	Two dose strategies were considered for older individuals.	[134]
Influenza vaccine (Inflexal-V)	Virosomal influenza vaccine containing surface antigen HA and neuraminidase (NA).	Mimics natural infection and reported to be efficacious especially in immune-compromised individuals.	Licensed for people of all age groups and adapted annually.	[135]
Hepatitis vaccine (Twinrix)	Contains combination of inactivated hepatitis A and B virus surface antigen.	It induced higher seropositive rates in people above 40 years compared to other monovalent vaccines.	Three doses over a span of 6 months.	[136]
Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (Engerix-B)	DNA vaccine containing HBsAg surface antigen of hepatitis B.	Confers protective efficacy for up to 10 years and effectively immunogenic for diabetes mellitus patients.	Three doses over a span of 6 months.	[137]
Respiratory Syncytial Virus vaccine (RSV F)	Nanoparticles based vaccine contains recombinant F protein with aluminum phosphate and Matrix-M1 as adjuvant.	Induces strong neutralizing antibody titers in elderly between 60 and 80 years old compared to non-adjuvant vaccines.	Completed Phase-I and started Phase-II trial (NCT03026348). Single and two dose regimen were compared.	[138]
Multivalent vector-based RSV vaccine (MVA-BN-RSV)	Contains non-replicating modified vaccinia Ankara viral vector F and G antigens from both A and B subtypes and two internal proteins N and M2.	Induces Th1 type cell mediated immune responses in adults aged ≥55 years that can persist up to 6 months.	Completed Phase-II trial (NCT02873286); boosted annually.	[102]
Lipid based vaccine platform DepoVax (DPX-RSV[A]) vaccine	Contains the ectodomain of the small hydrophobic glycoprotein (SHe) of RSV subgroup A.	Highly immunogenic in healthy people between ages 50 and 64 years; IgG responses persisted over a year.	Completed Phase-I trial (NCT02472548)	[139]